今日の臨床サポート 今日の臨床サポート

著者: 山本晃士 埼玉医科大学総合医療センター 輸血細胞医療部

監修: 木崎昌弘 埼玉医科大学総合医療センター

著者校正/監修レビュー済:2022/11/24
患者向け説明資料

改訂のポイント:
  1. 定期レビューを行い、「ケアのポイント」の一部を変更した。

概要・推奨   

  1. 輸血のトリガーとなるHb値を7~8 g/dL以下に設定した赤血球輸血が強く推奨される(推奨度1)
  1. 日本のガイドラインでは、虚血性心疾患患者の周術期の輸血トリガー値をHb 8~9g/dLとし、輸血の目標をHb10g/dL程度に維持することを推奨している[1](推奨度2)
  1. 発作性夜間血色素尿症(PNH)への輸血に洗浄赤血球の使用は推奨しない(推奨度3)
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  1. 閲覧にはご契約が必要となります。閲覧にはご契約が必要となります。閲覧にはご契約が必要となります。閲覧にはご契約が必要となります。閲覧にはご契

まとめ 

まとめ(適応、禁忌、合併症とそのリスク)  
まとめ:
  1. 赤血球を補充して、末梢循環系へ十分な酸素を供給する。
  1. 出血や貧血による組織酸素化障害の予防・治療に使用する。
  1. 特有の副作用(溶血などの急性反応や感染症などの遅発性合併症)に注意する。
 
適応:
  1. 慢性貧血:血液疾患などに伴う造血器障害や、消化管などからの少量長期的出血による貧血
  1. 急性出血:外傷や消化管からの出血に起因した貧血
  1. 周術期:術前の貧血、術中・術後の出血や貧血
 
禁忌:
  1. 特にないが、心機能低下例においては容量過負荷による心原性肺水腫を、また、輸血依存の造血不全症では 鉄過剰症 に注意する。
 
合併症とそのリスク:
  1. アレルギーや呼吸不全などの非溶血性急性副作用はときどきみられる。(表<図表>
  1. ABO不適合による急性溶血は、過誤により発生する。
  1. B型肝炎( B型肝炎 )などの感染症伝播はごくまれであるが、リスクはゼロではない。(表<図表>,表<図表>
準備のポイント  
  1. 貧血のレベル(Hb値)と症状を確認する。

これより先の閲覧には個人契約のトライアルまたはお申込みが必要です。

最新のエビデンスに基づいた二次文献データベース「今日の臨床サポート」。
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文献 

Jeffrey L Carson, Brenda J Grossman, Steven Kleinman, Alan T Tinmouth, Marisa B Marques, Mark K Fung, John B Holcomb, Orieji Illoh, Lewis J Kaplan, Louis M Katz, Sunil V Rao, John D Roback, Aryeh Shander, Aaron A R Tobian, Robert Weinstein, Lisa Grace Swinton McLaughlin, Benjamin Djulbegovic, Clinical Transfusion Medicine Committee of the AABB
Red blood cell transfusion: a clinical practice guideline from the AABB*.
Ann Intern Med. 2012 Jul 3;157(1):49-58. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-157-1-201206190-00429.
Abstract/Text DESCRIPTION: Although approximately 85 million units of red blood cells (RBCs) are transfused annually worldwide, transfusion practices vary widely. The AABB (formerly, the American Association of Blood Banks) developed this guideline to provide clinical recommendations about hemoglobin concentration thresholds and other clinical variables that trigger RBC transfusions in hemodynamically stable adults and children.
METHODS: These guidelines are based on a systematic review of randomized clinical trials evaluating transfusion thresholds. We performed a literature search from 1950 to February 2011 with no language restrictions. We examined the proportion of patients who received any RBC transfusion and the number of RBC units transfused to describe the effect of restrictive transfusion strategies on RBC use. To determine the clinical consequences of restrictive transfusion strategies, we examined overall mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, cardiac events, pulmonary edema, stroke, thromboembolism, renal failure, infection, hemorrhage, mental confusion, functional recovery, and length of hospital stay. RECOMMENDATION 1: The AABB recommends adhering to a restrictive transfusion strategy (7 to 8 g/dL) in hospitalized, stable patients (Grade: strong recommendation; high-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 2: The AABB suggests adhering to a restrictive strategy in hospitalized patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease and considering transfusion for patients with symptoms or a hemoglobin level of 8 g/dL or less (Grade: weak recommendation; moderate-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 3: The AABB cannot recommend for or against a liberal or restrictive transfusion threshold for hospitalized, hemodynamically stable patients with the acute coronary syndrome (Grade: uncertain recommendation; very low-quality evidence). RECOMMENDATION 4: The AABB suggests that transfusion decisions be influenced by symptoms as well as hemoglobin concentration (Grade: weak recommendation; low-quality evidence).

PMID 22751760
Paul A Carless, David A Henry, Jeffrey L Carson, Paul Pc Hebert, Brian McClelland, Katharine Ker
Transfusion thresholds and other strategies for guiding allogeneic red blood cell transfusion.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Oct 6;(10):CD002042. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002042.pub2. Epub 2010 Oct 6.
Abstract/Text BACKGROUND: Most clinical practice guidelines recommend restrictive red cell transfusion practices, with the goal of minimising exposure to allogeneic blood (from an unrelated donor). The purpose of this review is to compare clinical outcomes in patients randomised to restrictive versus liberal transfusion thresholds (triggers).
OBJECTIVES: To examine the evidence for the effect of transfusion thresholds on the use of allogeneic and/or autologous blood, and the evidence for any effect on clinical outcomes.
SEARCH STRATEGY: Trials were identified by: computer searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (the Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2009), OVID MEDLINE (1966 to August 2009), Current Contents (1993 to November 2004), and the Web of Science (2004 to August 2009). References in identified trials and review articles were checked and experts contacted to identify any additional trials.
SELECTION CRITERIA: Controlled trials in which patients were randomised to an intervention group or to a control group. Trials were included where intervention groups were assigned on the basis of a clear transfusion 'trigger', described as a haemoglobin (Hb) or haematocrit (Hct) level below which an RBC transfusion was to be administered.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Relative risks of requiring allogeneic blood transfusion, transfused blood volumes and other clinical outcomes were pooled across trials, using a random effects model. The risk of bias was assessed.
MAIN RESULTS: Seventeen trials involving a total of 3746 patients were identified. Restrictive transfusion strategies reduced the risk of receiving a red blood cell (RBC) transfusion by a relative 37% (RR=0.63; 95% CI 0.54 to 0.74). This equates to an average absolute risk reduction (ARR) of 33% (95% CI 21% to 45%). The volume of RBCs transfused was reduced on average by 0.75 units (95% CI 0.20 to 1.30 units). However, heterogeneity between trials was statistically significant (P<0.001; I²≥74%) for these outcomes. Restrictive transfusion strategies did not appear to impact on the rate of adverse events compared to liberal transfusion strategies (i.e. mortality, cardiac events, myocardial infarction, stroke, pneumonia and thromboembolism). Restrictive transfusion strategies were associated with a statistically significant reduction in the rates of infection (RR=0.76; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.97). The use of restrictive transfusion strategies did not reduce hospital or intensive care length of stay.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The existing evidence supports the use of restrictive transfusion triggers in patients who are free of serious cardiac disease. The effects of conservative transfusion triggers on functional status, morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with cardiac disease, need to be tested in further large clinical trials. In countries with inadequate screening of donor blood, the data may constitute a stronger basis for avoiding transfusion with allogeneic red cells.

PMID 20927728
Lars B Holst, Marie W Petersen, Nicolai Haase, Anders Perner, Jørn Wetterslev
Restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategy for red blood cell transfusion: systematic review of randomised trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.
BMJ. 2015 Mar 24;350:h1354. Epub 2015 Mar 24.
Abstract/Text OBJECTIVE: To compare the benefit and harm of restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategies to guide red blood cell transfusions.
DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of randomised clinical trials.
DATA SOURCES: Cochrane central register of controlled trials, SilverPlatter Medline (1950 to date), SilverPlatter Embase (1980 to date), and Science Citation Index Expanded (1900 to present). Reference lists of identified trials and other systematic reviews were assessed, and authors and experts in transfusion were contacted to identify additional trials.
TRIAL SELECTION: Published and unpublished randomised clinical trials that evaluated a restrictive compared with a liberal transfusion strategy in adults or children, irrespective of language, blinding procedure, publication status, or sample size.
DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors independently screened titles and abstracts of trials identified, and relevant trials were evaluated in full text for eligibility. Two reviewers then independently extracted data on methods, interventions, outcomes, and risk of bias from included trials. random effects models were used to estimate risk ratios and mean differences with 95% confidence intervals.
RESULTS: 31 trials totalling 9813 randomised patients were included. The proportion of patients receiving red blood cells (relative risk 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.47 to 0.63, 8923 patients, 24 trials) and the number of red blood cell units transfused (mean difference -1.43, 95% confidence interval -2.01 to -0.86) were lower with the restrictive compared with liberal transfusion strategies. Restrictive compared with liberal transfusion strategies were not associated with risk of death (0.86, 0.74 to 1.01, 5707 patients, nine lower risk of bias trials), overall morbidity (0.98, 0.85 to 1.12, 4517 patients, six lower risk of bias trials), or fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction (1.28, 0.66 to 2.49, 4730 patients, seven lower risk of bias trials). Results were not affected by the inclusion of trials with unclear or high risk of bias. Using trial sequential analyses on mortality and myocardial infarction, the required information size was not reached, but a 15% relative risk reduction or increase in overall morbidity with restrictive transfusion strategies could be excluded.
CONCLUSIONS: Compared with liberal strategies, restrictive transfusion strategies were associated with a reduction in the number of red blood cell units transfused and number of patients being transfused, but mortality, overall morbidity, and myocardial infarction seemed to be unaltered. Restrictive transfusion strategies are safe in most clinical settings. Liberal transfusion strategies have not been shown to convey any benefit to patients.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42013004272.

© Holst et al 2015.
PMID 25805204
P C Hébert, G Wells, M A Blajchman, J Marshall, C Martin, G Pagliarello, M Tweeddale, I Schweitzer, E Yetisir
A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group.
N Engl J Med. 1999 Feb 11;340(6):409-17. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199902113400601.
Abstract/Text BACKGROUND: To determine whether a restrictive strategy of red-cell transfusion and a liberal strategy produced equivalent results in critically ill patients, we compared the rates of death from all causes at 30 days and the severity of organ dysfunction.
METHODS: We enrolled 838 critically ill patients with euvolemia after initial treatment who had hemoglobin concentrations of less than 9.0 g per deciliter within 72 hours after admission to the intensive care unit and randomly assigned 418 patients to a restrictive strategy of transfusion, in which red cells were transfused if the hemoglobin concentration dropped below 7.0 g per deciliter and hemoglobin concentrations were maintained at 7.0 to 9.0 g per deciliter, and 420 patients to a liberal strategy, in which transfusions were given when the hemoglobin concentration fell below 10.0 g per deciliter and hemoglobin concentrations were maintained at 10.0 to 12.0 g per deciliter.
RESULTS: Overall, 30-day mortality was similar in the two groups (18.7 percent vs. 23.3 percent, P= 0.11). However, the rates were significantly lower with the restrictive transfusion strategy among patients who were less acutely ill -- those with an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score of < or =20 (8.7 percent in the restrictive-strategy group and 16.1 percent in the liberal-strategy group; P=0.03) -- and among patients who were less than 55 years of age (5.7 percent and 13.0 percent, respectively; P=0.02), but not among patients with clinically significant cardiac disease (20.5 percent and 22.9 percent, respectively; P=0.69). The mortality rate during hospitalization was significantly lower in the restrictive-strategy group (22.3 percent vs. 28.1 percent, P=0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: A restrictive strategy of red-cell transfusion is at least as effective as and possibly superior to a liberal transfusion strategy in critically ill patients, with the possible exception of patients with acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina.

PMID 9971864
W C Wu, S S Rathore, Y Wang, M J Radford, H M Krumholz
Blood transfusion in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction.
N Engl J Med. 2001 Oct 25;345(17):1230-6. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa010615.
Abstract/Text BACKGROUND: Anemia may have adverse effects in patients with coronary artery disease. However, the benefit of blood transfusion in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction and various degrees of anemia is uncertain.
METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of data on 78,974 Medicare beneficiaries 65 years old or older who were hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. Patients were categorized according to the hematocrit on admission (5.0 to 24.0 percent, 24.1 to 27.0 percent, 27.1 to 30.0 percent, 30.1 to 33.0 percent, 33.1 to 36.0 percent, 36.1 to 39.0 percent, or 39.1 to 48.0 percent), and data were evaluated to determine whether there was an association between the use of transfusion and 30-day mortality.
RESULTS: Patients with lower hematocrit values on admission had higher 30-day mortality rates. Blood transfusion was associated with a reduction in 30-day mortality among patients whose hematocrit on admission fell into the categories ranging from 5.0 to 24.0 percent (adjusted odds ratio, 0.22; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.11 to 0.45) to 30.1 to 33.0 percent (adjusted odds ratio, 0.69; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.53 to 0.89). It was not associated with a reduction in 30-day mortality among those whose hematocrit values fell in the higher ranges. In one of seven subgroup analyses (among patients who survived at least two days), transfusion was not associated with a reduction in mortality for patients with hematocrit values of 30.1 percent or higher.
CONCLUSIONS: Blood transfusion is associated with a lower short-term mortality rate among elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction if the hematocrit on admission is 30.0 percent or lower and may be effective in patients with a hematocrit as high as 33.0 percent on admission.

PMID 11680442
Sunil V Rao, James G Jollis, Robert A Harrington, Christopher B Granger, L Kristin Newby, Paul W Armstrong, David J Moliterno, Lauren Lindblad, Karen Pieper, Eric J Topol, Jonathan S Stamler, Robert M Califf
Relationship of blood transfusion and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
JAMA. 2004 Oct 6;292(13):1555-62. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.13.1555.
Abstract/Text CONTEXT: It is unclear if blood transfusion in anemic patients with acute coronary syndromes is associated with improved survival.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between blood transfusion and mortality among patients with acute coronary syndromes who develop bleeding, anemia, or both during their hospital course.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: We analyzed 24,112 enrollees in 3 large international trials of patients with acute coronary syndromes (the GUSTO IIb, PURSUIT, and PARAGON B trials). Patients were grouped according to whether they received a blood transfusion during the hospitalization. The association between transfusion and outcome was assessed using Cox proportional hazards modeling that incorporated transfusion as a time-dependent covariate and the propensity to receive blood, and a landmark analysis.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Thirty-day mortality.
RESULTS: Of the patients included, 2401 (10.0%) underwent at least 1 blood transfusion during their hospitalization. Patients who underwent transfusion were older and had more comorbid illness at presentation and also had a significantly higher unadjusted rate of 30-day death (8.00% vs 3.08%; P<.001), myocardial infarction (MI) (25.16% vs 8.16%; P<.001), and death/MI (29.24% vs 10.02%; P<.001) compared with patients who did not undergo transfusion. Using Cox proportional hazards modeling that incorporated transfusion as a time-dependent covariate, transfusion was associated with an increased hazard for 30-day death (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 3.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.26-4.75) and 30-day death/MI (HR, 2.92; 95% CI, 2.55-3.35). In the landmark analysis that included procedures and bleeding events, transfusion was associated with a trend toward increased mortality. The predicted probability of 30-day death was higher with transfusion at nadir hematocrit values above 25%.
CONCLUSIONS: Blood transfusion in the setting of acute coronary syndromes is associated with higher mortality, and this relationship persists after adjustment for other predictive factors and timing of events. Given the limitations of post hoc analysis of clinical trials data, a randomized trial of transfusion strategies is warranted to resolve the disparity in results between our study and other observational studies. We suggest caution regarding the routine use of blood transfusion to maintain arbitrary hematocrit levels in stable patients with ischemic heart disease.

PMID 15467057
Jeffrey L Carson, Michael L Terrin, Helaine Noveck, David W Sanders, Bernard R Chaitman, George G Rhoads, George Nemo, Karen Dragert, Lauren Beaupre, Kevin Hildebrand, William Macaulay, Courtland Lewis, Donald Richard Cook, Gwendolyn Dobbin, Khwaja J Zakriya, Fred S Apple, Rebecca A Horney, Jay Magaziner, FOCUS Investigators
Liberal or restrictive transfusion in high-risk patients after hip surgery.
N Engl J Med. 2011 Dec 29;365(26):2453-62. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1012452. Epub 2011 Dec 14.
Abstract/Text BACKGROUND: The hemoglobin threshold at which postoperative red-cell transfusion is warranted is controversial. We conducted a randomized trial to determine whether a higher threshold for blood transfusion would improve recovery in patients who had undergone surgery for hip fracture.
METHODS: We enrolled 2016 patients who were 50 years of age or older, who had either a history of or risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and whose hemoglobin level was below 10 g per deciliter after hip-fracture surgery. We randomly assigned patients to a liberal transfusion strategy (a hemoglobin threshold of 10 g per deciliter) or a restrictive transfusion strategy (symptoms of anemia or at physician discretion for a hemoglobin level of <8 g per deciliter). The primary outcome was death or an inability to walk across a room without human assistance on 60-day follow-up.
RESULTS: A median of 2 units of red cells were transfused in the liberal-strategy group and none in the restrictive-strategy group. The rates of the primary outcome were 35.2% in the liberal-strategy group and 34.7% in the restrictive-strategy group (odds ratio in the liberal-strategy group, 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 1.22), for an absolute risk difference of 0.5 percentage points (95% CI, -3.7 to 4.7). The rates of in-hospital acute coronary syndrome or death were 4.3% and 5.2%, respectively (absolute risk difference, -0.9%; 99% CI, -3.3 to 1.6), and rates of death on 60-day follow-up were 7.6% and 6.6%, respectively (absolute risk difference, 1.0%; 99% CI, -1.9 to 4.0). The rates of other complications were similar in the two groups.
CONCLUSIONS: A liberal transfusion strategy, as compared with a restrictive strategy, did not reduce rates of death or inability to walk independently on 60-day follow-up or reduce in-hospital morbidity in elderly patients at high cardiovascular risk. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; FOCUS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00071032.).

PMID 22168590
Gavin J Murphy, Katie Pike, Chris A Rogers, Sarah Wordsworth, Elizabeth A Stokes, Gianni D Angelini, Barnaby C Reeves, TITRe2 Investigators
Liberal or restrictive transfusion after cardiac surgery.
N Engl J Med. 2015 Mar 12;372(11):997-1008. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1403612.
Abstract/Text BACKGROUND: Whether a restrictive threshold for hemoglobin level in red-cell transfusions, as compared with a liberal threshold, reduces postoperative morbidity and health care costs after cardiac surgery is uncertain.
METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, parallel-group trial in which patients older than 16 years of age who were undergoing nonemergency cardiac surgery were recruited from 17 centers in the United Kingdom. Patients with a postoperative hemoglobin level of less than 9 g per deciliter were randomly assigned to a restrictive transfusion threshold (hemoglobin level <7.5 g per deciliter) or a liberal transfusion threshold (hemoglobin level <9 g per deciliter). The primary outcome was a serious infection (sepsis or wound infection) or an ischemic event (permanent stroke [confirmation on brain imaging and deficit in motor, sensory, or coordination functions], myocardial infarction, infarction of the gut, or acute kidney injury) within 3 months after randomization. Health care costs, excluding the index surgery, were estimated from the day of surgery to 3 months after surgery.
RESULTS: A total of 2007 patients underwent randomization; 4 participants withdrew, leaving 1000 in the restrictive-threshold group and 1003 in the liberal-threshold group. Transfusion rates after randomization were 53.4% and 92.2% in the two groups, respectively. The primary outcome occurred in 35.1% of the patients in the restrictive-threshold group and 33.0% of the patients in the liberal-threshold group (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91 to 1.34; P=0.30); there was no indication of heterogeneity according to subgroup. There were more deaths in the restrictive-threshold group than in the liberal-threshold group (4.2% vs. 2.6%; hazard ratio, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.67; P=0.045). Serious postoperative complications, excluding primary-outcome events, occurred in 35.7% of participants in the restrictive-threshold group and 34.2% of participants in the liberal-threshold group. Total costs did not differ significantly between the groups.
CONCLUSIONS: A restrictive transfusion threshold after cardiac surgery was not superior to a liberal threshold with respect to morbidity or health care costs. (Funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment program; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN70923932.).

PMID 25760354
M E Brecher, H F Taswell
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and the transfusion of washed red cells. A myth revisited.
Transfusion. 1989 Oct;29(8):681-5.
Abstract/Text Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an uncommon, acquired clonal stem cell disorder primarily affecting red cells that have an abnormal sensitivity to complement lysis. Since 1948, the use of saline-washed red cells (WRBCs) has been advocated to minimize hemolysis after transfusion to patients with PNH. Thirty-eight years of experience (1950 through 1987) with patients who had PNH were reviewed. Twenty-three patients with a positive Ham's test had been transfused with 556 blood components, including 431 RBC products: 94 units of whole blood, 208 units of packed RBCs, 80 units of white cell-poor RBCs, 38 units of WRBCs, 5 units of frozen RBCs, and 6 units of intraoperatively salvaged RBCs. Only one documented episode of posttransfusion hemolysis related to the underlying diagnosis of PNH was found, and it was associated with the transfusion of a unit of type O whole blood to an AB-positive individual. This unit contained ABO-incompatible plasma; this case was similar to one in an earlier report from which originated the recommendation for using WRBCs. The posttransfusion increment in hemoglobin concentration in patients receiving ABO-identical packed RBCs was comparable to that in patients receiving frozen or washed RBCs. These findings indicate that the use of WRBCs is unnecessary and that patients with PNH should be transfused with group-specific blood and blood products.

PMID 2799892
Charles Parker, Mitsuhiro Omine, Stephen Richards, Jun-Ichi Nishimura, Monica Bessler, Russell Ware, Peter Hillmen, Lucio Luzzatto, Neal Young, Taroh Kinoshita, Wendell Rosse, Gerard Socié, International PNH Interest Group
Diagnosis and management of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
Blood. 2005 Dec 1;106(12):3699-709. doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1717. Epub 2005 Jul 28.
Abstract/Text
PMID 16051736
Richard P Dutton, Diane Shih, Bennett B Edelman, John Hess, Thomas M Scalea
Safety of uncrossmatched type-O red cells for resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock.
J Trauma. 2005 Dec;59(6):1445-9.
Abstract/Text BACKGROUND: Uncrossmatched type-O packed red blood cells (UORBC) are recommended for immediate transfusion in hemorrhaging trauma patients. The potential for alloimmunization with this technique is controversial, and has been reported to be as high as 80%. We examined a 1-year experience with UORBC transfusion to determine the incidence of allergic reaction and alloimmunization.
METHODS: Blood Bank and Trauma Registry databases for the year 2000 were linked to determine the incidence of UORBC use and the characteristics of patients, including the incidence of transfusion reactions and seroconversion of Rh-patients. Ten units of type-O, Rh+ blood (and two units of O-blood for women of childbearing age) were available for immediate transfusion, 30 to 45 minutes sooner than type-specific or crossmatched red blood cells. UORBC were administered to any patient with signs of severe hemorrhagic shock, at the discretion of the attending physician.
RESULTS: In all, 480 trauma patients (out of 5,623 admitted) received transfusions of RBC, totaling 5,203 units. Five hundred eighty-one units of UORBC were given to 161 patients. Average Injury Severity Score in the UORBC cohort was 33.8. Patients receiving UORBC received an average of 16.9 total units of red blood cells, 14 units of plasma, and 10 units of platelets. Seventy-three patients died (45%). There were no acute hemolytic transfusion reactions observed in the patients who received UORBC. Four Rh-women received UORBC, all O-. Ten Rh-men received O+ blood, and only one developed antibodies to the Rh antigen.
CONCLUSION: The need for UORBC is associated with significant injury and the need for subsequent massive transfusion. In this largest reported trauma series, the use of UORBC enabled rapid administration of red cells to hemorrhaging patients, without discernible risk for transfusion-related complications. The rate of seroconversion of Rh-patients is lower than reported in the literature, perhaps due to immune suppression associated with hemorrhagic shock.

PMID 16394920
Harvey G Klein, Donat R Spahn, Jeffrey L Carson
Red blood cell transfusion in clinical practice.
Lancet. 2007 Aug 4;370(9585):415-26. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61197-0.
Abstract/Text Every year, about 75 million units of blood are collected worldwide. Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is one of the few treatments that adequately restore tissue oxygenation when oxygen demand exceeds supply. Although the respiratory function of blood has been studied intensively, the trigger for RBC transfusion remains controversial, and doctors rely primarily on clinical experience. Laboratory assays that indicate failing tissue oxygenation would be ideal to guide the need for transfusion, but none has proved easy, reproducible, and sensitive to regional tissue hypoxia. The clinical importance of the RBCs storage lesion (ie, the time-dependent metabolic, biochemical, and molecular changes that stored blood cells undergo) is poorly understood. RBCs can be filtered, washed, frozen, or irradiated for specific indications. Donor screening and testing have dramatically reduced infectious risks in the developed world, but infection remains a major hazard in developing countries, where 13 million units of blood are not tested for HIV or hepatitis viruses. Pathogen inactivation techniques are in clinical trials for RBCs, but none is available for use. Despite serious immunological and non-immunological complications, RBC transfusion holds a therapeutic index that exceeds that of many common medications.

PMID 17679019
輸血情報 1310-136、日本赤十字社、輸血用血液製剤との関連性が高いと考えられた感染症症例-2012-(日本赤十字社医薬品情報[医療関係者向け情報サイト]/医薬品情報).
輸血情報 1310-137、日本赤十字社、赤十字血液センターに報告された非溶血性輸血副作用-2012-(日本赤十字社医薬品情報[医療関係者向け情報サイト]/医薬品情報).
薬剤監修について:
オーダー内の薬剤用量は日本医科大学付属病院 薬剤部 部長 伊勢雄也 以下、渡邉裕次、井ノ口岳洋、梅田将光および日本医科大学多摩永山病院 副薬剤部長 林太祐による疑義照会のプロセスを実施、疑義照会の対象については著者の方による再確認を実施しております。
※薬剤中分類、用法、同効薬、診療報酬は、エルゼビアが独自に作成した薬剤情報であり、 著者により作成された情報ではありません。
尚、用法は添付文書より、同効薬は、薬剤師監修のもとで作成しております。
※同効薬・小児・妊娠および授乳中の注意事項等は、海外の情報も掲載しており、日本の医療事情に適応しない場合があります。
※薬剤情報の(適外/適内/⽤量内/⽤量外/㊜)等の表記は、エルゼビアジャパン編集部によって記載日時にレセプトチェックソフトなどで確認し作成しております。ただし、これらの記載は、実際の保険適応の査定において保険適応及び保険適応外と判断されることを保証するものではありません。また、検査薬、輸液、血液製剤、全身麻酔薬、抗癌剤等の薬剤は保険適応の記載の一部を割愛させていただいています。
(詳細はこちらを参照)
著者のCOI(Conflicts of Interest)開示:
山本晃士 : 講演料(中外製薬(株))[2025年]
監修:木崎昌弘 : 未申告[2024年]

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