渥美一成：屈折異常と眼不定愁訴. あたらしい眼科 9（7）：1129-1134、1992.
渥美一成：VDTと眼：眼科学大系8A,眼外傷：123-135 中山書店、東京、1994.
渥美一成:調節異常：眼科学大系1 眼科診断学・眼機能 445-455、中山書店、東京、1993.
Cakir A,Reuter H-J, von Schmude L et al:Anpassung von Bildschirmarbeisplatzen an der physic he und psychishe Funkiosweise de Menschen,1978.
日本眼科医会：日本眼科医会VDT研究班報告書(1986-1989)、日本の眼科(別冊)、1990.
日本眼科医会テクノストレス眼症研究班：日本眼科医会テクノストレス眼症研究班業績集（1990-1993）、日本の眼科(別冊),1993.
渥美一成：テクノストレス眼症の分類と治療.日本の眼科61:1334-1337,1990.
渥美一成：Visual Display Terminal(VDT)作業における眼障害に対する臨床的研究.愛知医大医会誌 16:609-625,1988.
渥美一成、鈴村昭弘、水谷 聡ほか：Video display terminal使用による視機能への影響. 臨眼40:1027-1033,1986.
渥美一成：LASIK術後の調節機能. あたらしい眼科 28:241-242,2011.
渥美一成：Contrast sensitivity. 臨床眼科 52.215-219,1998.
渥美一成、田中英成、荻野誠周：眼内レンズ挿入眼の視機能（その3）グレア難視度.あたらしい眼科9:1598- 1600,1992.
渥美一成、荻野誠周：眼内レンズ挿入後の高齢者のコントラスト感度 IOL 8:169-173,1994.
渥美一成、荻野誠周：着色眼内レンズの視機能 （その1）夜間視力とフォトストレステスト. あたらしい眼科 12:501-503,1995.
渥美一成：眼内レンズと視機能：眼科 40:1489-1494.1998.
渥美一成、田中英成、小林 浩 他：眼内レンズ挿入癌の視機能 その1 動体視力、あたらしい眼科8:1967-1969,1991.
渥美一成：診断、眼科 38：17-22,1996.
渥美一成:視機能検査としての動体視力、視覚の科学 14:16-21,1993.
渥美一成：動体視力・夜間視力：眼科手術 5：279-284,1992.
渥美一成：眼科手術21；特集：屈折型多焦点眼内レンズ（ReZoom）,p425-430,メディカル葵出版、2008.
Gonzalo Muñoz, César Albarrán-Diego, Teresa Ferrer-Blasco, Hani F Sakla, Santiago García-Lázaro
Visual function after bilateral implantation of a new zonal refractive aspheric multifocal intraocular lens.
J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011 Nov;37(11):2043-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.05.045.
Abstract/Text
PURPOSE: To evaluate visual function after bilateral implantation of a zonal refractive aspheric multifocal intraocular lens (IOL).
SETTING: Private practice surgery center, Valencia, Spain.
DESIGN: Cohort study.
METHODS: Consecutive eyes with cataract had bilateral implantation of Lentis Mplus LS-312 multifocal IOLs. Distance, intermediate, and near visual acuities; contrast sensitivity; defocus curves; and a quality-of-vision questionnaire, including presence of halos or dysphotopsia, were evaluated 6 months postoperatively. A control group of age-matched monofocal pseudophakic patients was included to compare contrast sensitivity function.
RESULTS: In the multifocal group, the mean binocular corrected distance visual acuity (logMAR) was -0.04 ± 0.07 at 6 m, 0.11 ± 0.10 at 1 m, and 0.06 ± 0.07 at 40 cm. The defocus curve showed little intermediate vision drop off. Photopic contrast sensitivity for distance was similar to the monofocal IOL contrast sensitivity function, while photopic contrast sensitivity for near and mesopic contrast sensitivity for distance with or without glare was reduced at high frequencies. The mean patient satisfaction was 8.09 ± 1.30 (scale 0 to 10); 84.4% of patients were completely independent of spectacles. Moderate halos, glare, and night-vision problems were reported by 6.2%, 12.5%, and 15.6% of patients, respectively.
CONCLUSION: The new-generation multifocal IOL provided adequate distance, intermediate, and, to a lesser extent, near vision with high rates of spectacle freedom. Halos occurred, and other photic phenomena should be expected in a small percentage of patients.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Copyright © 2011 ASCRS and ESCRS. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Valdemar Portney
Light distribution in diffractive multifocal optics and its optimization.
J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011 Nov;37(11):2053-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.04.038.
Abstract/Text
PURPOSE: To expand a geometrical model of diffraction efficiency and its interpretation to the multifocal optic and to introduce formulas for analysis of far and near light distribution and their application to multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) and to diffraction efficiency optimization.
SETTING: Medical device consulting firm, Newport Coast, California, USA.
DESIGN: Experimental study.
METHOD: Application of a geometrical model to the kinoform (single focus diffractive optical element) was expanded to a multifocal optic to produce analytical definitions of light split between far and near images and light loss to other diffraction orders.
RESULTS: The geometrical model gave a simple interpretation of light split in a diffractive multifocal IOL. An analytical definition of light split between far, near, and light loss was introduced as curve fitting formulas. Several examples of application to common multifocal diffractive IOLs were developed; for example, to light-split change with wavelength. The analytical definition of diffraction efficiency may assist in optimization of multifocal diffractive optics that minimize light loss.
CONCLUSION: Formulas for analysis of light split between different foci of multifocal diffractive IOLs are useful in interpreting diffraction efficiency dependence on physical characteristics, such as blaze heights of the diffractive grooves and wavelength of light, as well as for optimizing multifocal diffractive optics.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: Disclosure is found in the footnotes.
Copyright © 2011 ASCRS and ESCRS. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Frank Joseph Goes
Visual results following implantation of a refractive multifocal IOL in one eye and a diffractive multifocal IOL in the contralateral eye.
J Refract Surg. 2008 Mar;24(3):300-5.
Abstract/Text
PURPOSE: To assess binocular visual results in patients who were scheduled to undergo cataract/refractive lens exchange with multifocal IOL implantation using a "mix & match" approach.
METHODS: This prospective study enrolled 40 eyes of 20 patients aged between 44 and 78 years (median age = 58.1 years) implanted with a refractive multifocal IOL (ReZoom) in their dominant eye and a diffractive multifocal IOL (Tecnis) in their non-dominant eye. Near, intermediate, and distance vision were assessed at 2 months following implantation. Patients underwent refractive lens exchange or cataract surgery in the dominant eye first, followed by the non-dominant eye 1 to 2 weeks later. Emmetropia was the goal for all surgeries.
RESULTS: Preoperatively, the mean spherical equivalent refraction was +2.019 +/- 1.417 diopters (D) (median: +2.063 D). The mean binocular distance decimal visual acuity was 1.06 +/- 0.60 D, the mean binocular intermediate decimal visual acuity was 0.50 +/- 0.90 D, and the mean binocular near decimal visual acuity was 1.10 +/- 0.40 D.
CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary visual outcomes in this series of patients indicate good results at all distances.
北澤世志博、山田英明、今野公士 他:若年者の白内障に対する多焦点眼内レンズ手術、IOL＆RS 25:68-74,2011.
吉野健一：オルソケラトロジーとは―総論―；IOL & RS 25:344-350,2011.
五藤智子：オルソケラトロジー処方のコツ；IOL & RS 25:351-357,2011.
Tetsuhiko Kakita, Takahiro Hiraoka, Tetsuro Oshika
Influence of overnight orthokeratology on axial elongation in childhood myopia.
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Apr 6;52(5):2170-4. doi: 10.1167/iovs.10-5485. Epub 2011 Apr 6.
Abstract/Text
PURPOSE: This prospective study was conducted to assess the influence of overnight orthokeratology (OK) on axial elongation in children, with those wearing spectacles as controls.
METHODS: One hundred five subjects (210 eyes) were enrolled in the study. The OK group comprised 45 patients (90 eyes, age 12.1 ± 2.5 years, mean ± SD; OK group) who matched the inclusion criteria for OK. The control group comprised 60 patients (120 eyes, 11.9 ± 2.0 years) who also matched the inclusion criteria for OK but preferred spectacles for myopia correction. Axial length was measured at baseline and after 2 years using ocular biometry, and the changes were evaluated and compared between the groups.
RESULTS: Ninety-two subjects (42 and 50 in the OK and control groups, respectively) completed the 2-year follow-up examinations. At baseline, the spherical equivalent refractive error was -2.55 ± 1.82 and -2.59 ± 1.66 D, and the axial length was 24.66 ± 1.11 and 24.79 ± 0.80 mm in the OK and control groups, respectively, with no significant differences between the groups. The increase in axial length during the 2-year study period was 0.39 ± 0.27 and 0.61 ± 0.24 mm, respectively, and the difference was significant (P < 0.0001, unpaired t-test).
CONCLUSIONS: OK suppressed axial elongation in myopic children, suggesting that this treatment can slow the progression of myopia to a certain extent.
Kazuno Negishi, Kazuhiko Ohnuma, Takashi Ikeda, Toru Noda
Visual simulation of retinal images through a decentered monofocal and a refractive multifocal intraocular lens.
Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2005 Jul-Aug;49(4):281-6. doi: 10.1007/s10384-005-0194-z.
Abstract/Text
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of decentration of a monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) and a refractive multifocal IOL on retinal image quality using a new visual simulation system.
METHODS: Using a new visual simulation system, we performed visual simulation of a monofocal and a multifocal IOL at 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0.4 m with several decentered IOL positions from 0 to 1.0 mm through a 3- or 4-mm aperture using Landolt visual acuity (VA) charts. The VA was estimated under each condition from the simulated retinal image.
RESULTS: With a monofocal IOL, the image was affected minimally by decentration at 4 and 5 m; at 2 and 3 m, the image contrast decreased slightly with increased decentration. With the multifocal IOL, some loss of image contrast developed at all distances compared with the monofocal IOL; however, the images of the Landolt's rings were still recognizable under all conditions.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that up to 1.0 mm of decentration of a monofocal and multifocal IOL would not greatly affect the retinal image quality.
(c) Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2005.
渥美一成、巽 あさみ： VDT 作業者検診の10年間の追跡結果. あたらしい眼科 16:739-742,1999.
岩崎常人、栗本晋二、大久保享一：VDT作業による眼精疲労と涙液産生能との関係、臨眼39：172-173,1985.
渥美一成：眼精疲労とストレス.あたらしい眼科 16:633-638,1999.
高 静花：ドライアイ最近の話題2011－3.ドライアイと高次収差、視機能障害 眼科 53:1567-1574,2011.
渥美一成、勝安彦、祖父江 元ほか：VDT作業者の自律神経機能.日眼紀 39:1890-1896,1988.
近江源次郎、木下 茂：VDT作業による眼精疲労とその自律神経作動薬による治療. あたらしい眼科 8:175-179,1991.
渥美一成：テクノストレス眼症の漢方治療,日本の眼科64：273-280,1993.
渥美一成：眼科 38:特集；眼精疲労；診断、p17-22、金原出版、1996.
Jonathan R Price, Edward Mitchell, Elizabeth Tidy, Vivien Hunot
Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome in adults.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD001027. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001027.pub2. Epub 2008 Jul 16.
Abstract/Text
BACKGROUND: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a common, debilitating and serious health problem. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) may help to alleviate the symptoms of CFS.
OBJECTIVES: To examine the effectiveness and acceptability of CBT for CFS, alone and in combination with other interventions, compared with usual care and other interventions.
SEARCH STRATEGY: CCDANCTR-Studies and CCDANCTR-References were searched on 28/3/2008. We conducted supplementary searches of other bibliographic databases. We searched reference lists of retrieved articles and contacted trial authors and experts in the field for information on ongoing/completed trials.
SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials involving adults with a primary diagnosis of CFS, assigned to a CBT condition compared with usual care or another intervention, alone or in combination.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data on patients, interventions and outcomes were extracted by two review authors independently, and risk of bias was assessed for each study. The primary outcome was reduction in fatigue severity, based on a continuous measure of symptom reduction, using the standardised mean difference (SMD), or a dichotomous measure of clinical response, using odds ratios (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
MAIN RESULTS: Fifteen studies (1043 CFS participants) were included in the review. When comparing CBT with usual care (six studies, 373 participants), the difference in fatigue mean scores at post-treatment was highly significant in favour of CBT (SMD -0.39, 95% CI -0.60 to -0.19), with 40% of CBT participants (four studies, 371 participants) showing clinical response in contrast with 26% in usual care (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.76). Findings at follow-up were inconsistent. For CBT versus other psychological therapies, comprising relaxation, counselling and education/support (four studies, 313 participants), the difference in fatigue mean scores at post-treatment favoured CBT (SMD -0.43, 95% CI -0.65 to -0.20). Findings at follow-up were heterogeneous and inconsistent. Only two studies compared CBT against other interventions and one study compared CBT in combination with other interventions against usual care.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: CBT is effective in reducing the symptoms of fatigue at post-treatment compared with usual care, and may be more effective in reducing fatigue symptoms compared with other psychological therapies. The evidence base at follow-up is limited to a small group of studies with inconsistent findings. There is a lack of evidence on the comparative effectiveness of CBT alone or in combination with other treatments, and further studies are required to inform the development of effective treatment programmes for people with CFS.
Ostenberg O:Accomodation and visual fatigue. In:Ergonomics Aspects of visual display terminals(Grandjean E, Vigliani E, eds)41-52,Tayler and Francis, London,1980.
M F ARMALY, N C JEPSON
Accommodation and the dynamics of the steady-state intraocular pressure.
Invest Ophthalmol. 1962 Aug;1:480-3.
Abstract/Text
Suzumura A:On the intraocular tensive accommodation. ⅩⅩⅣ,Coutiam Ophthalmologuum,1984.
渥美一成：調節・眼精疲労； コンパクト眼科学 16、編集 増田寛次郎、小口芳久、湖崎 克；金原出版、東京、1999.
渥美一成：専門医のための眼科診療クオリファイ 1：屈折異常と眼鏡処方、VDT作業と眼鏡；p115-120、中山書店、2010.
家 正則：すばる望遠鏡の視力を10倍に改善する補償光学：視覚の科学 31:89-93,2010.
前田直之：画像診断の進歩―治療法選択のための新しい前眼部画像診断法―：日眼 115:297-322,2011.
戸田良太郎、前田直之：波面センサー（Wavefront sensor）:IOL&RS 25:96-99,2011.
鵜飼一彦：調節機能の機能的解析. あたらしい眼科 4:491-498,1987.
F M Toates
Accommodation function of the human eye.
Physiol Rev. 1972 Oct;52(4):828-63. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1972.52.4.828.
Abstract/Text
B Gilmartin
A review of the role of sympathetic innervation of the ciliary muscle in ocular accommodation.
Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1986;6(1):23-37.
Abstract/Text
Although it is well established that autonomic control of ocular accommodation is predominantly parasympathetic, many investigators have, over the last 150 years, proposed that a supplementary sympathetic innervation should be considered. Particular attention is directed in this review to previous literature providing anatomical, physiological and pharmacological evidence for dual innervation of the ciliary muscle. Clinical and psychological evidence is shown to be equivocal. A review of recent laser optometry studies of tonic ("dark-focus") resting positions of accommodation indicates that the inhibitory nature of sympathetic innervation suggested by the majority of previous studies can be further defined with respect to specific adrenergic receptors. The implications of dual innervation relating to ocular accommodation during sustained near-vision tasks is discussed.
鵜飼一彦、石川 哲：調節の準静的特性. 日眼 87,1248-1256,1983.
R F Fisher
The mechanics of accommodation in relation to presbyopia.
Eye (Lond). 1988;2 ( Pt 6):646-9. doi: 10.1038/eye.1988.119.
Abstract/Text
The cause of presbyopia is closely related to the force of contraction of the ciliary muscle and the resistance to deformation of the crystalline lens. Two views are currently in conflict. The view of Donders (1864) that presbyopia is caused by a decrease in the force of contraction of the ciliary muscle with age, and the opposing view of Helmholtz (1855) that the lens becomes more difficult to deform with age due to lenticular sclerosis. The present paper shows that, in fact, the ciliary muscle undergoes a compensatory hypertrophy as accommodative amplitude decreases with age. The force of contraction is about 50% greater at the onset of presbyopia than in youth. However, because of increased lenticular resistance its effect on the amplitude of accommodation is small. It is shown that the reason the lens becomes more difficult to deform is not because of lenticular sclerosis, since the lens substance does not lose water. The increased difficulty of deformation is because the capsule loses its elastic force with age and the lens fibres, particularly in the nucleus, become more compacted.
西田祥蔵：眼組織の老化と調節.日眼 94:93-1012,1990.
渥美一成:眼科不定愁訴；ストレスと眼:, 眼科診療プラクティス39:48-49,1998.
渥美一成：眼科40：総説；眼内レンズと視機能p1489-1494,金原出版、1998.
鈴村昭弘:微動調節の研究. 日眼 79:1257-1282,1975.
渥美一成:屈折異常の基礎知識(Q7：不正乱視とは？、Q8遠視の矯正？) 眼科ケア 夏季増刊 39-42,2005.
鈴村昭弘：目の疲労検査.人間工学 17:115-121,1981.
渥美一成：視機能障害と頭痛―屈折、調節異常の立場から― 眼科 33:883-888,1991.
