成人の予防接種

69:

CDC：Pregnancy and Vaccination, Vaccines During and After Pregnancy（2020/6/3アクセス）.

70:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Questions and Answers About Immunization Recommendations Following a Disaster”.（参照2018年6月）.

71:

2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2022 Mar 18]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24311479/

72:

CDC：Meningococcal Disease, Managing the Risk of Meningococcal Disease among Patients Who Receive Complement Inhibitor Therapy（2020/6/3アクセス）.

		73:	High Risk for Invasive Meningococcal Disease Among Patients Receiving Eculizumab (Soliris) Despite Receipt of Meningococcal Vaccine.
			著者: Lucy A McNamara, Nadav Topaz, Xin Wang, Susan Hariri, LeAnne Fox, Jessica R MacNeil 雑誌名: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Jul 14;66(27):734-737. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6627e1. Epub 2017 Jul 14. Abstract/Text Use of eculizumab (Soliris, Alexion Pharmaceuticals), a terminal complement inhibitor, is associated with a 1,000-fold to 2,000-fold increased incidence of meningococcal disease (1). Administration of meningococcal vaccines is recommended for patients receiving eculizumab before beginning treatment (2,3). Sixteen cases of meningococcal disease were identified in eculizumab recipients in the United States during 2008-2016; among these, 11 were caused by nongroupable Neisseria meningitidis. Fourteen patients had documentation of receipt of at least 1 dose of meningococcal vaccine before disease onset. Because eculizumab recipients remain at risk for meningococcal disease even after receipt of meningococcal vaccines, some health care providers in the United States as well as public health agencies in other countries recommend antimicrobial prophylaxis for the duration of eculizumab treatment; a lifelong course of treatment is expected for many patients. Heightened awareness, early care seeking, and rapid treatment of any symptoms consistent with meningococcal disease are essential for all patients receiving eculizumab treatment, regardless of meningococcal vaccination or antimicrobial prophylaxis status. PMID 28704351  MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Jul 14;66(27):734-737. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6627e1. Epub 2017 Jul 14.

		74:	Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Patients With Cancer: A Population-Based Study Using Health Administrative and Laboratory Testing Data From Ontario, Canada.
			著者: Phillip S Blanchette, Hannah Chung, Kathleen I Pritchard, Craig C Earle, Michael A Campitelli, Sarah A Buchan, Kevin L Schwartz, Natasha S Crowcroft, Jonathan B Gubbay, Timothy Karnauchow, Kevin Katz, Allison J McGeer, James D McNally, David C Richardson, Susan E Richardson, Laura C Rosella, Andrew Simor, Marek Smieja, George Zahariadis, Aaron Campigotto, Jeffrey C Kwong 雑誌名: J Clin Oncol. 2019 Oct 20;37(30):2795-2804. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.00354. Epub 2019 Aug 29. Abstract/Text PURPOSE: Seasonal influenza vaccination is recommended for patients with cancer despite concerns of disease or treatment-associated immunosuppression. The objective of this study was to evaluate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against laboratory-confirmed influenza for patients with cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted an observational test-negative design study of previously diagnosed patients with cancer 18 years of age and older who underwent influenza testing during the 2010-2011 to 2015-2016 influenza seasons in Ontario, Canada. We linked individual-level cancer registry, respiratory virus testing, and health administrative data to identify the study population and outcomes. Vaccination status was determined from physician and pharmacist billing claims. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate VE, adjusting for age, sex, rurality, income quintile, cancer characteristics, chemotherapy exposure, comorbidities, previous health care use, influenza season, and calendar time. RESULTS: We identified 26,463 patients with cancer who underwent influenza testing, with 4,320 test-positive cases (16%) and 11,783 (45%) vaccinated. Mean age was 70 years, 52% were male, mean time since diagnosis was 6 years, 69% had solid tumor malignancies, and 23% received active chemotherapy. VE against laboratory-confirmed influenza was 21% (95% CI, 15% to 26%), and VE against laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalization was 20% (95% CI, 13% to 26%). For patients with solid tumor malignancies, VE was 25% (95% CI, 18% to 31%), compared with 8% (95% CI, -5% to 19%) for patients with hematologic malignancies (P = .015). Active chemotherapy usage did not significantly affect VE, especially among patients with solid tumor cancer. CONCLUSION: Our results support recommendations for influenza vaccination for patients with cancer. VE was decreased for patients with hematologic malignancies, and there was no significant difference in VE among patients with solid tumor cancer receiving active chemotherapy. Strategies to optimize influenza prevention among patients with cancer are warranted. PMID 31465264  J Clin Oncol. 2019 Oct 20;37(30):2795-2804. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.00354. Epub 2019 Aug 29.

		75:	Immunogenicity of Influenza Vaccination in Patients with Cancer Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.
			著者: Bhumsuk Keam, Chang Kyung Kang, Kang Il Jun, Song Mi Moon, Koung Jin Suh, Dae-Won Lee, Chan-Young Ock, Miso Kim, Yunhee Choi, Yoojoo Lim, Kyung-Hun Lee, Se Hyun Kim, Tae Min Kim, Tae-Yong Kim, Do-Youn Oh, Dong-Wan Kim, Seock-Ah Im, Jong Seok Lee, Eu Suk Kim, Hong Bin Kim, Nam-Joong Kim, Yu Jung Kim, Wan Beom Park, Myoung-Don Oh 雑誌名: Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 11;71(2):422-425. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz1092. Abstract/Text Among prospectively enrolled adult patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs; n = 46) or cytotoxic agents (n = 90), seroprotection and seroconversion rates after seasonal quadrivalent influenza vaccinations were higher with ICI than with cytotoxic chemotherapy. These results support annual influenza vaccinations for cancer patients receiving ICIs. Clinical Trials Registration clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03590808). © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. PMID 31680143  Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 11;71(2):422-425. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz1092.

		76:	Influenza vaccination in patients with lung cancer receiving anti-programmed death receptor 1 immunotherapy does not induce immune-related adverse events.
			著者: Dirk H Wijn, Geert H Groeneveld, Albert M Vollaard, Mirte Muller, Jacco Wallinga, Hans Gelderblom, Egbert F Smit 雑誌名: Eur J Cancer. 2018 Nov;104:182-187. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.09.012. Epub 2018 Oct 24. Abstract/Text BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccination is recommended in patients with cancer to reduce influenza-related complications. Recently, more immune-related adverse events (irAEs) were demonstrated in patients with lung cancer who were vaccinated with the trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine during anti-programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) immunotherapy. Confirmation of these findings is essential before recommendations on influenza vaccination may be revoked. METHODS: In this cohort study in patients with lung cancer receiving nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks during two influenza seasons (2015/16-2016/17), irAEs have been monitored. Incidence, timing and severity of irAEs were compared between vaccinated patients and non-vaccinated patients. FINDINGS: In a compassionate use programme, 127 patients with lung cancer had been treated with at least one dose of nivolumab during two national influenza vaccination campaigns from September until December of 2015 and 2016. Forty-two patients had received the influenza vaccine, and 85 patients were not vaccinated. Median follow-up period was 118 days (interquartile range 106-119). Mean age was 64 years (range 46-83). In vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients, the incidence of irAEs was 26% and 22%, respectively, rate ratio 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51-2.65). The incidence of serious irAEs was 7% and 4%, respectively, rate ratio 2.07 (95% CI 0.28-15.43). Influenza vaccination while receiving nivolumab did not result in significant differences in the rates of discontinuation, death, clinical deterioration or tumour response between the groups. INTERPRETATION: Influenza vaccination in patients with lung cancer receiving anti-PD-1 immunotherapy does not induce irAEs in our cohort. With this result, influenza vaccination should not be deterred from this group of patients. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. PMID 30368069  Eur J Cancer. 2018 Nov;104:182-187. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.09.012. Epub 2018 Oct 24.

		77:	Safety of Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Cancer Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.
			著者: Curtis R Chong, Vivian J Park, Bevin Cohen, Michael A Postow, Jedd D Wolchok, Mini Kamboj 雑誌名: Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jan 2;70(2):193-199. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz202. Abstract/Text BACKGROUND: Cancer patients are at a higher risk for developing influenza (flu)- related complications. It is unclear if the flu vaccine exacerbates immune events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). METHODS: We conducted an institutional review board-IRB-approved retrospective review of advanced cancer patients on ICIs who received the flu vaccine during three 3 consecutive seasons: 2014-2015, 2015-2016, and 2016-2017. The primary outcome assessed was any "new onset" immune-related adverse event (IRAE). A subset analysis of vaccinated patients newly treated with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) agents (nivolumab or pembrolizumab) was conducted to assess overall IRAE rates for comparison with published clinical trials. RESULTS: During the three 3 seasons, 370 patients met criteria for ICI and vaccination within ~ twoapproximately 2 months (65 days). The most common underlying cancers were lung (46%) and melanoma (19%); 61% of patients received an anti-PD-1 agent only. In the entire cohort, 20% experienced an IRAE (any grade); incidence of grade 3 or 4 toxicity was 8%. No grade 5 events occurred. In the subset of 170 patients newly treated with anti-PD-1 agents, the overall IRAE rate was 18% and, grade 3/4 events occurred in 7.6%. Influenza was diagnosed in 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: No increase in incidence or severity of IRAEs was detected in patients on ICIs who received the inactivated influenza vaccine within ~ approximately 2 months of ICI. For newly treated patients on anti-PDI-1 agents, IRAE rates were comparable to those from published clinical trials and did not vary with order of administration. Routine seasonal flu vaccination is encouraged in patients on ICIs. © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. PMID 30874791  Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jan 2;70(2):193-199. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz202.

		78:	Guidelines for vaccination of solid organ transplant candidates and recipients.
			著者: L Danzinger-Isakov, D Kumar, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice 雑誌名: Am J Transplant. 2009 Dec;9 Suppl 4:S258-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02917.x. Abstract/Text PMID 20070687  Am J Transplant. 2009 Dec;9 Suppl 4:S258-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02917.x.

		79:	Vaccination of hematopoietic cell transplant recipients.
			著者: P Ljungman, C Cordonnier, H Einsele, J Englund, C M Machado, J Storek, T Small, Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, National Marrow Donor Program, European Blood and Marrow Transplant Group, American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Canadian Blood and Marrow Transplant Group, Infectious Disease Society of America, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Canada, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 雑誌名: Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009 Oct;44(8):521-6. doi: 10.1038/bmt.2009.263. Abstract/Text PMID 19861986  Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009 Oct;44(8):521-6. doi: 10.1038/bmt.2009.263.

		80:	Guidelines for the management of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with haematological malignancies and after stem cell transplantation from the 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL 7).
			著者: Per Ljungman, Rafael de la Camara, Christine Robin, Roberto Crocchiolo, Hermann Einsele, Joshua A Hill, Petr Hubacek, David Navarro, Catherine Cordonnier, Katherine N Ward, 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia group 雑誌名: Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 Aug;19(8):e260-e272. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30107-0. Epub 2019 May 29. Abstract/Text Cytomegalovirus is one of the most important infections to occur after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and an increasing number of reports indicate that cytomegalovirus is also a potentially important pathogen in patients treated with recently introduced drugs for hematological malignancies. Expert recommendations have been produced by the 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL 7) after a review of the literature on the diagnosis and management of cytomegalovirus in patients after HSCT and in patients receiving other types of therapy for haematological malignancies. These recommendations cover diagnosis, preventive strategies such as prophylaxis and pre-emptive therapy, and management of cytomegalovirus disease. Antiviral drugs including maribavir and letermovir are in development and prospective clinical trials have recently been completed. However, management of patients with resistant or refractory cytomegalovirus infection or cytomegalovirus disease is a challenge. In this Review we summarise the reviewed literature and the recommendations of the ECIL 7 for management of cytomegalovirus in patients with haematological malignancies. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. PMID 31153807  Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 Aug;19(8):e260-e272. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30107-0. Epub 2019 May 29.

		81:	Vaccination of patients with haematological malignancies who did not have transplantations: guidelines from the 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL 7).
			著者: Malgorzata Mikulska, Simone Cesaro, Hugues de Lavallade, Roberta Di Blasi, Sigrun Einarsdottir, Giuseppe Gallo, Christina Rieger, Dan Engelhard, Thomas Lehrnbecher, Per Ljungman, Catherine Cordonnier, European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia group 雑誌名: Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 Jun;19(6):e188-e199. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30601-7. Epub 2019 Feb 8. Abstract/Text Patients with haematological malignancies are at high risk of infection because of various mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated immune deficiencies, which mainly depend on underlying disease and specific therapies. Some of these infections are vaccine preventable. However, these malignancies are different from each other, and the treatment approaches are diverse and rapidly evolving, so it is difficult to have a common programme for vaccination in a haematology ward. Additionally, because of insufficient training about the topic, vaccination is an area often neglected by haematologists, and influenced by cultural differences, even among health-care workers, in compliance to vaccines. Several issues are encountered when addressing vaccination in haematology: the small size of the cohorts that makes it difficult to show the clinical benefits of vaccination, the subsequent need to rely on biological parameters, their clinical pertinence not being established in immunocompromised patients, scarcity of clarity on the optimal timing of vaccination in complex treatment schedules, and the scarcity of data on long-term protection in patients receiving treatments. Moreover, the risk of vaccine-induced disease with live-attenuated vaccines strongly limits their use. Here we summarise guidelines for patients without transplantations, and address the issue by the haematological group-myeloid and lymphoid-of diseases, with a special consideration for children with acute leukaemia. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. PMID 30744964  Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 Jun;19(6):e188-e199. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30601-7. Epub 2019 Feb 8.

		82:	Vaccination in immunocompromised host: Recommendations of Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network Centers (IPINET).
			著者: Baldassarre Martire, Chiara Azzari, Raffaele Badolato, Clementina Canessa, Emilia Cirillo, Vera Gallo, Simona Graziani, Tiziana Lorenzini, Cinzia Milito, Raffaella Panza, Viviana Moschese, with Italian Network for Primary Immunodeficiencies (IPINET) 雑誌名: Vaccine. 2018 Jun 7;36(24):3541-3554. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.061. Epub 2018 Feb 6. Abstract/Text Infectious complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with primary or secondary immunodeficiency. Prevention of infectious diseases by vaccines is among the most effective healthcare measures mainly for these subjects. However immunocompromised people vary in their degree of immunosuppression and susceptibility to infection and, therefore, represent a heterogeneous population with regard to immunization. To date there is no well- established evidence for use of vaccines in immunodeficient patients, and indications are not clearly defined even in high-quality reviews and in most of the guidelines prepared to provide recommendations for the active vaccination of immunocompromised hosts. The aim of this document is to issue recommendations based on published literature and the collective experience of the Italian primary immunodeficiency centers, about how and when vaccines can be used in immunocompromised patients, in order to facilitate physician decisions and to ensure the best immune protection with the lowest risk to the health of the patient. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. PMID 29426658  Vaccine. 2018 Jun 7;36(24):3541-3554. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.061. Epub 2018 Feb 6.

		83:	Recommendations for live viral and bacterial vaccines in immunodeficient patients and their close contacts.
			著者: Medical Advisory Committee of the Immune Deficiency Foundation, William T Shearer, Thomas A Fleisher, Rebecca H Buckley, Zuhair Ballas, Mark Ballow, R Michael Blaese, Francisco A Bonilla, Mary Ellen Conley, Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles, Alexandra H Filipovich, Ramsay Fuleihan, Erwin W Gelfand, Vivian Hernandez-Trujillo, Steven M Holland, Richard Hong, Howard M Lederman, Harry L Malech, Stephen Miles, Luigi D Notarangelo, Hans D Ochs, Jordan S Orange, Jennifer M Puck, John M Routes, E Richard Stiehm, Kathleen Sullivan, Troy Torgerson, Jerry Winkelstein 雑誌名: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Apr;133(4):961-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.043. Epub 2014 Feb 28. Abstract/Text The present uncertainty of which live viral or bacterial vaccines can be given to immunodeficient patients and the growing neglect of societal adherence to routine immunizations has prompted the Medical Advisory Committee of the Immune Deficiency Foundation to issue recommendations based on published literature and the collective experience of the committee members. These recommendations address the concern for immunodeficient patients acquiring infections from healthy subjects who have not been immunized or who are shedding live vaccine-derived viral or bacterial organisms. Such transmission of infectious agents can occur within the hospital, clinic, or home or at any public gathering. Collectively, we define this type of transmission as close-contact spread of infectious disease that is particularly relevant in patients with impaired immunity who might have an infection when exposed to subjects carrying vaccine-preventable infectious diseases or who have recently received a live vaccine. Immunodeficient patients who have received therapeutic hematopoietic stem transplantation are also at risk during the time when immune reconstitution is incomplete or while they are receiving immunosuppressive agents to prevent or treat graft-versus-host disease. This review recommends the general education of what is known about vaccine-preventable or vaccine-derived diseases being spread to immunodeficient patients at risk for close-contact spread of infection and describes the relative risks for a child with severe immunodeficiency. The review also recommends a balance between the need to protect vulnerable subjects and their social needs to integrate into society, attend school, and benefit from peer education. Published by Mosby, Inc. PMID 24582311  J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Apr;133(4):961-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.043. Epub 2014 Feb 28.

		84:	A practical guide to vaccinating the inflammatory bowel disease patient.
			著者: Sharmeel K Wasan, Stacey E Baker, Paul R Skolnik, Francis A Farraye 雑誌名: Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Jun;105(6):1231-8. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2009.733. Epub 2010 Jan 26. Abstract/Text The increasing use of corticosteroids, immune modulators, and biologics as a mainstay of therapy in certain Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients have placed these inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients at increased risk for a variety of infections, many of which are preventable by prior vaccination. This article provides a review of the issues surrounding immunizations in the IBD patient and a practical guide for clinicians regarding the appropriate vaccinations to administer both before and during immunosuppressive therapy. PMID 20104218  Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Jun;105(6):1231-8. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2009.733. Epub 2010 Jan 26.

		85:	From the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation: Vaccination in adult patients on systemic therapy for psoriasis.
			著者: Lara Wine-Lee, Sara C Keller, Marissa B Wilck, Stephen J Gluckman, Abby S Van Voorhees 雑誌名: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 Dec;69(6):1003-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.046. Epub 2013 Sep 26. Abstract/Text Patients with moderate to severe psoriasis often require systemic immunomodulatory medications that place them at risk for infection. Vaccination is a proven strategy to reduce infections. However, vaccination rates among patients with inflammatory autoimmune conditions, including psoriasis, remain low. We review the literature regarding vaccine-preventable illness and vaccinations commonly used in the United States in patients older than 18 years on immunosuppressive therapies that are used in the treatment of psoriasis. The medical board of the National Psoriasis Foundation recommends that dermatologists counsel patients on updating vaccinations in accordance with recommendations of the Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices as any measures taken to prevent infection can increase the safety of immunomodulatory therapies. Copyright © 2013 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. PMID 24075223  J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 Dec;69(6):1003-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.046. Epub 2013 Sep 26.

		86:	2015 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.
			著者: Jasvinder A Singh, Kenneth G Saag, S Louis Bridges, Elie A Akl, Raveendhara R Bannuru, Matthew C Sullivan, Elizaveta Vaysbrot, Christine McNaughton, Mikala Osani, Robert H Shmerling, Jeffrey R Curtis, Daniel E Furst, Deborah Parks, Arthur Kavanaugh, James O'Dell, Charles King, Amye Leong, Eric L Matteson, John T Schousboe, Barbara Drevlow, Seth Ginsberg, James Grober, E William St Clair, Elizabeth Tindall, Amy S Miller, Timothy McAlindon 雑誌名: Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Jan;68(1):1-26. doi: 10.1002/art.39480. Epub 2015 Nov 6. Abstract/Text OBJECTIVE: To develop a new evidence-based, pharmacologic treatment guideline for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We conducted systematic reviews to synthesize the evidence for the benefits and harms of various treatment options. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology to rate the quality of evidence. We employed a group consensus process to grade the strength of recommendations (either strong or conditional). A strong recommendation indicates that clinicians are certain that the benefits of an intervention far outweigh the harms (or vice versa). A conditional recommendation denotes uncertainty over the balance of benefits and harms and/or more significant variability in patient values and preferences. RESULTS: The guideline covers the use of traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic agents, tofacitinib, and glucocorticoids in early (<6 months) and established (≥6 months) RA. In addition, it provides recommendations on using a treat-to-target approach, tapering and discontinuing medications, and the use of biologic agents and DMARDs in patients with hepatitis, congestive heart failure, malignancy, and serious infections. The guideline addresses the use of vaccines in patients starting/receiving DMARDs or biologic agents, screening for tuberculosis in patients starting/receiving biologic agents or tofacitinib, and laboratory monitoring for traditional DMARDs. The guideline includes 74 recommendations: 23% are strong and 77% are conditional. CONCLUSION: This RA guideline should serve as a tool for clinicians and patients (our two target audiences) for pharmacologic treatment decisions in commonly encountered clinical situations. These recommendations are not prescriptive, and the treatment decisions should be made by physicians and patients through a shared decision-making process taking into account patients' values, preferences, and comorbidities. These recommendations should not be used to limit or deny access to therapies. © 2015, American College of Rheumatology. PMID 26545940  Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Jan;68(1):1-26. doi: 10.1002/art.39480. Epub 2015 Nov 6.

		87:	EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
			著者: S van Assen, N Agmon-Levin, O Elkayam, R Cervera, M F Doran, M Dougados, P Emery, P Geborek, J P A Ioannidis, D R W Jayne, C G M Kallenberg, U Müller-Ladner, Y Shoenfeld, L Stojanovich, G Valesini, N M Wulffraat, M Bijl 雑誌名: Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Mar;70(3):414-22. doi: 10.1136/ard.2010.137216. Epub 2010 Dec 3. Abstract/Text OBJECTIVES: To develop evidence-based European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for vaccination in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD). METHODS: A EULAR task force was composed of experts representing 11 European countries, consisting of eight rheumatologists, four clinical immunologists, one rheumatologist/clinical immunologist, one infectious disease physician, one nephrologist, one paediatrician/rheumatologist and one clinical epidemiologist. Key questions were formulated and the eligible spectrum of AIIRD, immunosuppressive drugs and vaccines were defined in order to perform a systematic literature review. A search was made of Medline from 1966 to October 2009 as well as abstracts from the EULAR meetings of 2008 and 2009 and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) meetings of 2007 and 2008. Evidence was graded in categories I-IV, the strength of recommendations was graded in categories A-D and Delphi voting was applied to determine the level of agreement between the experts of the task force. RESULTS: Eight key questions and 13 recommendations addressing vaccination in patients with AIIRD were formulated. The strength of each recommendation was determined. Delphi voting revealed a very high level of agreement with the recommendations among the experts of the task force. Finally, a research agenda was proposed. CONCLUSION: Recommendations for vaccination in patients with AIIRD based on the currently available evidence and expert opinion were formulated. More research is needed, particularly regarding the incidence of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases and the safety of vaccination in patients with AIIRD. PMID 21131643  Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Mar;70(3):414-22. doi: 10.1136/ard.2010.137216. Epub 2010 Dec 3.

		88:	British HIV Association guidelines for immunization of HIV-infected adults 2008.
			著者: A M Geretti, BHIVA Immunization Writing Committee, Gary Brook, Claire Cameron, David Chadwick, Robert S Heyderman, Eithne MacMahon, Anton Pozniak, Mary Ramsay, M Schuhwerk 雑誌名: HIV Med. 2008 Nov;9(10):795-848. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00637.x. Abstract/Text PMID 18983477  HIV Med. 2008 Nov;9(10):795-848. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00637.x.

		89:	The 1989 Fred W. Stewart award.
			著者: 雑誌名: Am J Surg Pathol. 1990 Aug;14(8):791. Abstract/Text PMID 2198814  Am J Surg Pathol. 1990 Aug;14(8):791.

		90:	Spleen Australia guidelines for the prevention of sepsis in patients with asplenia and hyposplenism in Australia and New Zealand.
			著者: Kudzai Kanhutu, Penelope Jones, Allen C Cheng, Louise Grannell, Emma Best, Denis Spelman 雑誌名: Intern Med J. 2017 Aug;47(8):848-855. doi: 10.1111/imj.13348. Abstract/Text People with asplenia/hyposplenism are at increased risk of fulminant sepsis, which carries a high mortality rate. A range of preventive measures is recommended although there is ongoing evidence that knowledge of and adherence to these strategies is poor. There have been significant changes in recommended vaccinations since the previously published recommendations in 2008. We provide current recommendations to help Australian and New Zealand clinicians in the prevention of sepsis in patients with asplenia and hyposplenia. The guideline includes Australian epidemiological data, preferred diagnostic techniques and recommendations for optimal antimicrobial prophylaxis and vaccination protocols. © 2017 Royal Australasian College of Physicians. PMID 27925427  Intern Med J. 2017 Aug;47(8):848-855. doi: 10.1111/imj.13348.

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日本環境感染学会 ワクチン委員会編：医療関係者のためのワクチンガイドライン 第3 版, 日本環境感染学会, 2020.