菅武雄: 第Ⅴ章3.施設における歯科診療. 下山和弘, 櫻井薫, 深山治久, 米山武義監修. 高齢者歯科診療ガイドブック. 財団法人口腔保健協会, 2010; 127-129.
B Vellas, Y Guigoz, P J Garry, F Nourhashemi, D Bennahum, S Lauque, J L Albarede
The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and its use in grading the nutritional state of elderly patients.
Nutrition. 1999 Feb;15(2):116-22.
Abstract/Text
The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) has recently been designed and validated to provide a single, rapid assessment of nutritional status in elderly patients in outpatient clinics, hospitals, and nursing homes. It has been translated into several languages and validated in many clinics around the world. The MNA test is composed of simple measurements and brief questions that can be completed in about 10 min. Discriminant analysis was used to compare the findings of the MNA with the nutritional status determined by physicians, using the standard extensive nutritional assessment including complete anthropometric, clinical biochemistry, and dietary parameters. The sum of the MNA score distinguishes between elderly patients with: 1) adequate nutritional status, MNA > or = 24; 2) protein-calorie malnutrition, MNA < 17; 3) at risk of malnutrition, MNA between 17 and 23.5. With this scoring, sensitivity was found to be 96%, specificity 98%, and predictive value 97%. The MNA scale was also found to be predictive of mortality and hospital cost. Most important it is possible to identify people at risk for malnutrition, scores between 17 and 23.5, before severe changes in weight or albumin levels occur. These individuals are more likely to have a decrease in caloric intake that can be easily corrected by nutritional intervention.
M Lamy, P Mojon, G Kalykakis, R Legrand, E Butz-Jorgensen
Oral status and nutrition in the institutionalized elderly.
J Dent. 1999 Aug;27(6):443-8.
Abstract/Text
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate, in an elderly population, whether poor oral status might be a contributing factor to the development of undernutrition and might be associated with less eating pleasure, more subjective eating difficulty and increased mashed food consumption.
METHODS: An oral examination and an evaluation of masticatory capacity were performed on 120 institutionalized elderly subjects. The nutritional assessment included serum albumin concentration, the Mini Nutritional Assessment and a questionnaire on eating habits.
RESULTS: Edentulous subjects without dentures or with only one complete denture had significantly lower MNA scores than edentulous subjects with two complete dentures (p < 0.05). Edentulous subjects with two complete dentures more frequently reported taking pleasure from eating (p = 0.05), and had less frequent difficulties with hard foods (p = 0.01) than edentulous subjects without dentures or with only one complete denture. Mashed food consumption (p < 0.01) was also reported more frequently in edentulous subjects without dentures or with only one complete denture. Subjects with two complete dentures had similar or better MNA scores as dentate subjects with relatively few remaining teeth (10.4 +/- 7.8 teeth). About half of the subjects (53%) could not perform the masticatory test. These subjects had lower MNA scores (p = 0.001) and a larger proportion ate mashed food (p < 0.001) compared to those who were able to perform the test.
CONCLUSIONS: Poor oral status (edentulous without dentures or with only one complete denture) increased difficulty in eating hard foods, increased mashed food consumption and decreased eating pleasure. It seemed also to put institutionalized subjects at higher risk of undernutrition.
Fumiyo Tamura, Takeshi Kikutani, Takashi Tohara, Mitsuyoshi Yoshida, Ken Yaegaki
Tongue thickness relates to nutritional status in the elderly.
Dysphagia. 2012 Dec;27(4):556-61. doi: 10.1007/s00455-012-9407-z. Epub 2012 Apr 27.
Abstract/Text
Many elderly people under long-term care suffer from malnutrition caused by dysphagia, frequently leading to sarcopenia. Our hypothesis is that sarcopenia may compromise oral function, resulting in dysphagia. The objectives of this study were to evaluate sarcopenia of the lingual muscles by measuring the tongue thickness, and elucidate its relationship with nutritional status. We examined 104 elderly subjects (mean age = 80.3 ± 7.9 years). Anthropometric data, such as triceps skinfold thickness and midarm muscle area (AMA), were obtained. The tongue thickness of the central part was determined using ultrasonography. Measurement was performed twice and the mean value was obtained. The relationship between tongue thickness and nutritional status was analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. AMA and age were identified by multiple-regression analysis as factors influencing tongue thickness. The results of this study suggest that malnutrition may induce sarcopenia not only in the skeletal muscles but also in the tongue.
菊谷武: 第1章1.口腔ケアの基礎知識. 菊谷武監修. 口をまもる 生命をまもる 基礎から学ぶ口腔ケア. 学研, 2007; 2-4.
日本老年歯科医学会監修, 下山和弘ほか編:口腔ケアガイドブック. 財団法人日本口腔保健協会, 2008; 39.
石川昭, 米山武義, 三宅洋一郎, 宮武光吉: 看護技術 2000; 46(1): 82-86.
A Ishikawa, T Yoneyama, K Hirota, Y Miyake, K Miyatake
Professional oral health care reduces the number of oropharyngeal bacteria.
J Dent Res. 2008 Jun;87(6):594-8.
Abstract/Text
Silent aspiration of oropharyngeal pathogenic organisms is a significant risk factor causing pneumonia in the elderly. We hypothesized that regular oral hygiene care will affect the presence of oropharyngeal bacteria. Professional cleaning of the oral cavity and/or the gargling of a disinfectant liquid solution was performed over a five-month period in three facilities for the dependent elderly. Total oropharyngeal bacteria, streptococci, staphylococci, Candida, Pseudomonas, and black-pigmented Bacteroides species were monitored. The levels of these oropharyngeal bacteria decreased or disappeared after weekly professional oral health care, i.e., cleaning of teeth, dentures, tongue, and oral mucous membrane by dental hygienists. After lunch, gargling with povidone iodine was shown to be less effective than professional oral care. These findings indicate that weekly professional mechanical cleaning of the oral cavity, rather than a daily chemical disinfection of the mouth, can be an important strategy to prevent aspiration pneumonia in the dependent elderly.
米山武義、吉田光由、佐々木英忠: 要介護高齢者に対する口腔衛生の誤嚥性肺炎予防効果に関する研究. 日歯医学会誌 2001; 20: 58-68.
Takeyoshi Yoneyama, Mitsuyoshi Yoshida, Takashi Ohrui, Hideki Mukaiyama, Hiroshi Okamoto, Kanji Hoshiba, Shinichi Ihara, Shozo Yanagisawa, Shiro Ariumi, Tomonori Morita, Yasuro Mizuno, Takayuki Ohsawa, Yasumasa Akagawa, Kenji Hashimoto, Hidetada Sasaki, Oral Care Working Group
Oral care reduces pneumonia in older patients in nursing homes.
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002 Mar;50(3):430-3.
Abstract/Text
OBJECTIVES: Aspiration of oral secretions and their bacteria is increasingly being recognized as an important factor in pneumonia. We investigated whether oral care lowers the frequency of pneumonia in institutionalized older people.
DESIGN: Survey.
SETTING: Eleven nursing homes in Japan.
PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred seventeen patients randomly assigned to an oral care group or a no oral care group.
INTERVENTION: Nurses or caregivers cleaned the patients' teeth by toothbrush after each meal. Swabbing with povidone iodine was additionally used in some cases. Dentists or dental hygienists provided professional care once a week.
MEASUREMENTS: Pneumonia, febrile days, death from pneumonia, activities of daily living, and cognitive functions.
RESULTS: During follow-up, pneumonia, febrile days, and death from pneumonia decreased significantly in patients with oral care. Oral care was beneficial in edentate and dentate patients. Activities of daily living and cognitive functions showed a tendency to improve with oral care.
CONCLUSION: We suggest that oral care may be useful in preventing pneumonia in older patients in nursing homes.
T Yoneyama, M Yoshida, T Matsui, H Sasaki
Oral care and pneumonia. Oral Care Working Group.
Lancet. 1999 Aug 7;354(9177):515.
Abstract/Text
A Yoshino, T Ebihara, S Ebihara, H Fuji, H Sasaki
Daily oral care and risk factors for pneumonia among elderly nursing home patients.
JAMA. 2001 Nov 14;286(18):2235-6.
Abstract/Text
Aya Watando, Satoru Ebihara, Takae Ebihara, Tatsuma Okazaki, Hidenori Takahashi, Masanori Asada, Hidetada Sasaki
Daily oral care and cough reflex sensitivity in elderly nursing home patients.
Chest. 2004 Oct;126(4):1066-70. doi: 10.1378/chest.126.4.1066.
Abstract/Text
BACKGROUND: Intensive oral care can reduce the incidence of pneumonia in elderly nursing home patients, but the mechanism is unknown.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of intensive oral care on impaired cough reflex sensitivity, which is a known risk factor of aspiration pneumonia.
METHODS: Cough reflex sensitivity to citric acid was measured in elderly nursing home patients, who were randomly assigned to the intervention group (n = 30) and the control group (n = 29). The patients in the intervention group had their teeth and gingiva cleaned by caregivers after every meal for 1 month. The patients in the control group performed their own oral care during the same period. Serum substance P (SP) concentration, cognitive function, and activities of daily living (ADL) were also assessed.
RESULTS: In the intervention group, cough reflex sensitivity at 30 days showed significantly higher sensitivity than baseline (p < 0.01). At 30 days, the cough reflex sensitivities in the intervention group were significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the odds ratio of improvement of cough reflex sensitivity was 5.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 16.0; p < 0.005) for the intervention group. One month of intensive oral care did not have a significant effect on serum SP concentration, cognitive function, and ADL.
CONCLUSION: Intensive oral care may reduce the incidence of pneumonia by improving cough reflex sensitivity in elderly nursing home patients.
R Hamada, J Suehiro, M Nakano, T Kikutani, K Konishi
Development of rapid oral bacteria detection apparatus based on dielectrophoretic impedance measurement method.
IET Nanobiotechnol. 2011 Jun;5(2):25-31. doi: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2010.0011.
Abstract/Text
In this study, a bacteria detection apparatus based on dielectrophoretic impedance measurement (DEPIM) method was demonstrated for rapid evaluation of oral hygiene. The authors integrated a micro electrode chip on which bacteria were captured by dielectrophoresis (DEP), an AC voltage source to induce DEP force, and an impedance measurement circuit to a portable instrument that enables rapid and automated oral bacterial inspection in hospitals and clinics. Special considerations have been made on effects of high electrical conductivity of oral samples on DEP force and DEPIM results. It was shown experimentally and theoretically that using a higher electric field frequency for the DEP bacteria trap and the impedance measurement could realise DEPIM application to bacteria inspection from oral samples with higher conductivity. Based on these investigations, the authors optimised the frequency condition of the DEPIM suitable for inspecting an oral sample along with the design and development of a portable DEPIM apparatus for on-site inspection of oral bacteria. Under the optimised frequency condition, DEPIM results were in good agreement with the conventional culture method showing significant applicability of the DEPIM apparatus for practical rapid oral bacteria inspection.
Takeshi Kikutani, Fumiyo Tamura, Yukihiro Takahashi, Kiyoshi Konishi, Ryo Hamada
A novel rapid oral bacteria detection apparatus for effective oral care to prevent pneumonia.
Gerodontology. 2012 Jun;29(2):e560-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2011.00517.x. Epub 2011 Aug 3.
Abstract/Text
OBJECTIVE: To clarify the oral environment, we evaluated the usefulness and clinical applicability of a new apparatus developed for the simple and rapid quantification of oral bacteria.
BACKGROUND: Professional oral health care can reduce the number of oral bacteria and days of fever and inhibit the development of pneumonia. A novel detection apparatus was developed by applying the dielectrophoretic impedance measurement method.
METHODS: First, to determine the accuracy of this apparatus, employing standard samples of Escherichia coli. Next, to evaluate the oral environment, samples were taken from the tongue in elderly (mean age: 86.6 years) in nursing home.
RESULTS: In the first study, a good correlation was observed between the two methods (R = 0.999). In the second study, there were significant correlations between measurement values obtained using this apparatus and those obtained by the culture method (R = 0.852), as well as those obtained by the FM method (R = 0.885).
CONCLUSION: Our data showed that this rapid oral bacterial detection apparatus is effective in evaluating the oral hygiene to prevent pneumonia in the elderly.
© 2011 The Gerodontology Society and John Wiley & Sons A/S.
田代晴基, 田村文誉, 平林正裕, 濱田了, 米山武義, 菊谷武: 新しい簡易口腔内細菌数測定装置の介護現場における臨床応用. 障歯誌 2012; 33: 85-89.
花形哲夫, 田村文誉, 菊谷武, 片桐陽香, 関野愉, 久野彰子, 古西清司, 高橋幸裕, 矢島彩子, 吉田光由, 鷲見浩平, 三塚憲二: 介護老人福祉施設における口腔ケア・マネジメントの効果. 老年歯科医学 2009; 23: 424-434.
川名弘剛,菊谷武,高橋賢晃,平林正裕, 田代晴基,福井智子,田村文誉: 介護老人福祉施設における継続的な口腔機能管理によるかかわりが義歯の装着に与える効果. 老年歯学 2010; 25(1): 3-10.
菊谷武, 福井智子, 高橋賢晃, 吉田光由, 田村文誉: 介護施設における歯科衛生士介入の効果. 口腔リハビリ誌 2011; 24: 65-70.
日本老年歯科医学会. 『歯科医師と管理栄養士が一緒に仕事をするために』学会の立場表明. 2018.
岡澤仁志, 菊谷武, 高橋賢晃, 田村文誉:在宅要介護高齢者家族の介護負担と食事との関連,老年歯科, 第31巻 第3号, 2016.
日本歯科医師会重点研究院会. 日本歯科学会重点研究「子供の食の問題に関する調査」報告書. 2015.