日本摂食障害学会監修,「摂食障害治療ガイドライン」作成委員会編：摂食障害治療ガイドライン. 医学書院, 2012.
特定疾患治療研究事業未対象疾患の疫学像を把握するための調査研究班：平成11年度研究事業. 2000；266-310.
Crow SJ, Peterson CB, Swanson SA, Raymond NC, Specker S, Eckert ED, Mitchell JE.
Increased mortality in bulimia nervosa and other eating disorders.
Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Dec;166(12):1342-6. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020247. Epub 2009 Oct 15.
Abstract/Text
OBJECTIVE: Anorexia nervosa has been consistently associated with increased mortality, but whether this is true for other types of eating disorders is unclear. The goal of this study was to determine whether anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorder not otherwise specified are associated with increased all-cause mortality or suicide mortality.
METHOD: Using computerized record linkage to the National Death Index, the authors conducted a longitudinal assessment of mortality over 8 to 25 years in 1,885 individuals with anorexia nervosa (N=177), bulimia nervosa (N=906), or eating disorder not otherwise specified (N=802) who presented for treatment at a specialized eating disorders clinic in an academic medical center.
RESULTS: Crude mortality rates were 4.0% for anorexia nervosa, 3.9% for bulimia nervosa, and 5.2% for eating disorder not otherwise specified. All-cause standardized mortality ratios were significantly elevated for bulimia nervosa and eating disorder not otherwise specified; suicide standardized mortality ratios were elevated for bulimia nervosa and eating disorder not otherwise specified.
CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with eating disorder not otherwise specified, which is sometimes viewed as a "less severe" eating disorder, had elevated mortality risks, similar to those found in anorexia nervosa. This study also demonstrated an increased risk of suicide across eating disorder diagnoses.
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed. Text Revision American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC, 2022. (高橋三郎, 大野裕監：DSM-5-TR精神疾患の診断・統計マニュアル. 医学書院, 東京, 2023).
Morgan JF, Reid F, Lacey JH.
The SCOFF questionnaire: a new screening tool for eating disorders.
West J Med. 2000 Mar;172(3):164-5. doi: 10.1136/ewjm.172.3.164.
Abstract/Text
Hill LS, Reid F, Morgan JF, Lacey JH.
SCOFF, the development of an eating disorder screening questionnaire.
Int J Eat Disord. 2010 May;43(4):344-51. doi: 10.1002/eat.20679.
Abstract/Text
OBJECTIVE: This article describes the three-stage development of the SCOFF, a screening tool for eating disorders.
METHOD: Study 1 details questionnaire development and testing on cases and controls. Study 2 examines reliability of verbal versus written administration in a student population. Study 3 validates the test as a screening tool in primary care.
RESULTS: The SCOFF demonstrates good validity compared with DSM-IV diagnosis on clinical interview. In the primary care setting it had a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 89.6%, detecting all true cases of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and seven of nine cases of EDNOS. Reliability between written and verbal versions of the SCOFF was high, with a kappa statistic of 0.82.
DISCUSSION: The SCOFF, which has been adapted for use in diverse languages, appears highly effective as a screening instrument and has been widely adopted to raise the index of suspicion of an eating disorder.
2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
McKnight Investigators.
Risk factors for the onset of eating disorders in adolescent girls: results of the McKnight longitudinal risk factor study.
Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;160(2):248-54. doi: 10.1176/ajp.160.2.248.
Abstract/Text
OBJECTIVE: This study examined the importance of potential risk factors for eating disorder onset in a large multiethnic sample followed for up to 3 years, with assessment instruments validated for the target population and a structured clinical interview used to make diagnoses.
METHOD: Participants were 1,103 girls initially assessed in grades 6-9 in school districts in Arizona and California. Each year, students completed the McKnight Risk Factor Survey, had body height and weight measured, and underwent a structured clinical interview. The McKnight Risk Factor Survey, a self-report instrument developed for this age group, includes questions related to risk factors for eating disorders.
RESULTS: During follow-up, 32 girls (2.9%) developed a partial- or full-syndrome eating disorder. At the Arizona site, there was a significant interaction between Hispanics and higher scores on a factor measuring thin body preoccupation and social pressure in predicting onset of eating disorders. An increase in negative life events also predicted onset of eating disorders in this sample. At the California site, only thin body preoccupation and social pressure predicted onset of eating disorders. A four-item screen derived from thin body preoccupation and social pressure had a sensitivity of 0.72, a specificity of 0.80, and an efficiency of 0.79.
CONCLUSIONS: Thin body preoccupation and social pressure are important risk factors for the development of eating disorders in adolescents. Some Hispanic groups are at risk of developing eating disorders. Efforts to reduce peer, cultural, and other sources of thin body preoccupation may be necessary to prevent eating disorders.
Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Chiu WT, Deitz AC, Hudson JI, Shahly V, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Benjet C, Bruffaerts R, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Maria Haro J, Kovess-Masfety V, O'Neill S, Posada-Villa J, Sasu C, Scott K, Viana MC, Xavier M.
The prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys.
Biol Psychiatry. 2013 May 1;73(9):904-14. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.020. Epub 2013 Jan 3.
Abstract/Text
BACKGROUND: Little population-based data exist outside the United States on the epidemiology of binge eating disorder (BED). Cross-national BED data are presented here and compared with bulimia nervosa (BN) data in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Surveys.
METHODS: Community surveys with 24,124 respondents (ages 18+) across 14 mostly upper-middle and high-income countries assessed lifetime and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Physical disorders were assessed with a chronic conditions checklist.
RESULTS: Country-specific lifetime prevalence estimates are consistently (median; interquartile range) higher for BED (1.4%; .8-1.9%) than BN (.8%; .4-1.0%). Median age of onset is in the late teens to early 20s for both disorders but slightly younger for BN. Persistence is slightly higher for BN (6.5 years; 2.2-15.4) than BED (4.3 years; 1.0-11.7). Lifetime risk of both disorders is elevated for women and recent cohorts. Retrospective reports suggest that comorbid DSM-IV disorders predict subsequent onset of BN somewhat more strongly than BED and that BN predicts subsequent comorbid disorders somewhat more strongly than does BED. Significant comorbidities with physical conditions are due almost entirely to BN and to a somewhat lesser degree BED predicting subsequent onset of these conditions. Role impairments are similar for BN and BED. Fewer than half of lifetime BN or BED cases receive treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: Binge eating disorder represents a public health problem at least equal to BN. Low treatment rates highlight the clinical importance of questioning patients about eating problems even when not included among presenting complaints.
Copyright © 2013 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Patton GC, Selzer R, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Wolfe R.
Onset of adolescent eating disorders: population based cohort study over 3 years.
BMJ. 1999 Mar 20;318(7186):765-8. doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7186.765.
Abstract/Text
OBJECTIVE: To study the predictors of new eating disorders in an adolescent cohort.
DESIGN: Cohort study over 3 years with six waves.
SUBJECTS: Students, initially aged 14-15 years, from 44 secondary schools in the state of Victoria, Australia.
OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight (kg), height (cm), dieting (adolescent dieting scale), psychiatric morbidity (revised clinical interview schedule), and eating disorder (branched eating disorders test). Eating disorder (partial syndrome) was defined when a subject met two criteria for either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV).
RESULTS: At the start of the study, 3.3% (29/888) of female subjects and 0.3% (2/811) of male subjects had partial syndromes of eating disorders. The rate of development of new eating disorder per 1000 person years of observation was 21.8 in female subjects and 6.0 in male subjects. Female subjects who dieted at a severe level were 18 times more likely to develop an eating disorder than those who did not diet, and female subjects who dieted at a moderate level were five times more likely to develop an eating disorder than those who did not diet. Psychiatric morbidity predicted the onset of eating disorder independently of dieting status so that those subjects in the highest morbidity category had an almost sevenfold increased risk of developing an eating disorder. After adjustment for earlier dieting and psychiatric morbidity, body mass index, extent of exercise, and sex were not predictive of new eating disorders.
CONCLUSIONS: Dieting is the most important predictor of new eating disorders. Differences in the incidence of eating disorders between sexes were largely accounted for by the high rates of earlier dieting and psychiatric morbidity in the female subjects. In adolescents, controlling weight by exercise rather than diet restriction seems to carry less risk of development of eating disorders.
Fairburn CG, Norman PA, Welch SL, O'Connor ME, Doll HA, Peveler RC.
A prospective study of outcome in bulimia nervosa and the long-term effects of three psychological treatments.
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995 Apr;52(4):304-12. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950160054010.
Abstract/Text
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the longer-term outcome of bulimia nervosa and the distal effects of treatment.
METHODS: Prospective follow-up of subjects from two randomized controlled trials, involving a comparison of cognitive behavior therapy, behavior therapy, and focal interpersonal therapy.
RESULTS: Ninety percent (89/99) underwent reassessment by interview (mean [+/- SD] length of follow-up, 5.8 +/- 2.0 years). Almost half (46%) had a DSM-IV eating disorder; 19%, bulimia nervosa; 3%, anorexia nervosa; and 24%, eating disorder not otherwise specified. There was a low rate of other psychiatric disorders. Premorbid and paternal obesity predicted a poor outcome. While the three treatments did not differ with respect to the proportion of subjects with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa at follow-up, they did differ once all forms of DSM-IV eating disorder were considered together. Those who had received cognitive behavior therapy or focal interpersonal therapy were doing markedly better than those who had received behavior therapy.
CONCLUSIONS: The longer-term outcome of bulimia nervosa depends on the nature of the treatment received. Patients who receive a treatment such as behavior therapy, which only has a short-lived effect, tend to do badly, whereas those who receive treatments such as cognitive behavior therapy or focal interpersonal therapy have a better prognosis.
Schmidt U, Lee S, Beecham J, Perkins S, Treasure J, Yi I, Winn S, Robinson P, Murphy R, Keville S, Johnson-Sabine E, Jenkins M, Frost S, Dodge L, Berelowitz M, Eisler I.
A randomized controlled trial of family therapy and cognitive behavior therapy guided self-care for adolescents with bulimia nervosa and related disorders.
Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;164(4):591-8. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.4.591.
Abstract/Text
OBJECTIVE: To date no trial has focused on the treatment of adolescents with bulimia nervosa. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of family therapy and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) guided self-care in adolescents with bulimia nervosa or eating disorder not otherwise specified.
METHOD: Eighty-five adolescents with bulimia nervosa or eating disorder not otherwise specified were recruited from eating disorder services in the United Kingdom. Participants were randomly assigned to family therapy for bulimia nervosa or individual CBT guided self-care supported by a health professional. The primary outcome measures were abstinence from binge-eating and vomiting, as assessed by interview at end of treatment (6 months) and again at 12 months. Secondary outcome measures included other bulimic symptoms and cost of care.
RESULTS: Of the 85 study participants, 41 were assigned to family therapy and 44 to CBT guided self-care. At 6 months, bingeing had undergone a significantly greater reduction in the guided self-care group than in the family therapy group; however, this difference disappeared at 12 months. There were no other differences between groups in behavioral or attitudinal eating disorder symptoms. The direct cost of treatment was lower for guided self-care than for family therapy. The two treatments did not differ in other cost categories.
CONCLUSIONS: Compared with family therapy, CBT guided self-care has the slight advantage of offering a more rapid reduction of bingeing, lower cost, and greater acceptability for adolescents with bulimia or eating disorder not otherwise specified.
Agras WS, Walsh T, Fairburn CG, Wilson GT, Kraemer HC.
A multicenter comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa.
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 May;57(5):459-66. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.5.459.
Abstract/Text
BACKGROUND: Research suggests that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective psychotherapeutic treatment for bulimia nervosa. One exception was a study that suggested that interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) might be as effective as CBT, although slower to achieve its effects. The present study is designed to repeat this important comparison.
METHOD: Two hundred twenty patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for bulimia nervosa were allocated at random to 19 sessions of either CBT or IPT conducted over a 20-week period and evaluated for 1 year after treatment in a multisite study.
RESULTS: Cognitive-behavioral therapy was significantly superior to IPT at the end of treatment in the percentage of participants recovered (29% [n=32] vs 6% [n=71), the percentage remitted (48% [n=53] vs 28% [n = 31]), and the percentage meeting community norms for eating attitudes and behaviors (41% [n=45] vs 27% [n=30]). For treatment completers, the percentage recovered was 45% (n= 29) for CBT and 8% (n= 5) for IPT. However, at follow-up, there were no significant differences between the 2 treatments: 26 (40%) CBT completers had recovered at follow-up compared with 17 (27%) IPT completers.
CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive-behavioral therapy was significantly more rapid in engendering improvement in patients with bulimia nervosa than IPT. This suggests that CBT should be considered the preferred psychotherapeutic treatment for bulimia nervosa.
Cassin SE, von Ranson KM.
Personality and eating disorders: a decade in review.
Clin Psychol Rev. 2005 Nov;25(7):895-916. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.04.012.
Abstract/Text
Personality traits have been implicated in the onset, symptomatic expression, and maintenance of eating disorders (EDs). The present article reviews literature examining the link between personality and EDs published within the past decade, and presents a meta-analysis evaluating the prevalence of personality disorders (PDs) in anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED) as assessed by self-report instruments versus diagnostic interviews. AN and BN are both consistently characterized by perfectionism, obsessive-compulsiveness, neuroticism, negative emotionality, harm avoidance, low self-directedness, low cooperativeness, and traits associated with avoidant PD. Consistent differences that emerge between ED groups are high constraint and persistence and low novelty seeking in AN and high impulsivity, sensation seeking, novelty seeking, and traits associated with borderline PD in BN. The meta-analysis, which found PD rates of 0 to 58% among individuals with AN and BN, documented that self-report instruments greatly overestimate the prevalence of every PD.
Godart NT, Perdereau F, Rein Z, Berthoz S, Wallier J, Jeammet P, Flament MF.
Comorbidity studies of eating disorders and mood disorders. Critical review of the literature.
J Affect Disord. 2007 Jan;97(1-3):37-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.06.023. Epub 2006 Aug 22.
Abstract/Text
OBJECTIVE: We conducted a critical literature review of studies assessing the prevalence of mood disorders (MD) in subjects with eating disorders (ED; anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa). In the first part of this article, we discuss methodological issues relevant to comorbidity studies between ED and MD. In the second part, we summarize the findings of these studies in light of the methodological considerations raised.
METHOD: A manual computerised search (Medline) was performed for all published studies on comorbidity between ED and MD. In order to have sufficiently homogeneous diagnostic criteria for both categories of disorders, this search was limited to articles published between 1985 and 2006.
RESULTS: Too few studies include control groups, few studies compared diagnostic subgroups of ED subjects, and results are scarce or conflicting.
DISCUSSION: The results are discussed in the light of the methodological problems observed. The implications when reviewing the results of published studies and planning future research are set out.
Godart NT, Flament MF, Perdereau F, Jeammet P.
Comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders: a review.
Int J Eat Disord. 2002 Nov;32(3):253-70. doi: 10.1002/eat.10096.
Abstract/Text
OBJECTIVE: We conducted a critical literature review on studies assessing the prevalence of anxiety disorders (AD) in subjects with eating disorders (ED) (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa). In the first part, we discuss methodological issues relevant to comorbidity studies between ED and AD. In the second part, taking into account these methodological considerations raised, we summarize the findings of these studies.
METHOD: We performed a manual and computerized search (Medline) for all published studies on comorbidity between ED and AD, limiting our search from 1985-2001 to get sufficiently homogeneous diagnostic criteria for both categories of disorders.
RESULTS: Too few studies include control groups and few studies have compared diagnostic subgroups of ED subjects, with scarce or conflicting results.
DISCUSSION: We discuss the results taking into account the methodological problems observed. We give guidelines for reviewing the results of published studies and planing future research.
Copyright 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
