Robert M. Kliegman, MD: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 21th ed. E-Book. Elsevier, 2020.
厚生労働省健康局結核感染症課：抗微生物薬適正使用の手引き 第三版, 2023.
Heikkinen T, Järvinen A.
The common cold.
Lancet. 2003 Jan 4;361(9351):51-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9.
Abstract/Text
Despite great advances in medicine, the common cold continues to be a great burden on society in terms of human suffering and economic losses. Of the several viruses that cause the disease, the role of rhinoviruses is most prominent. About a quarter of all colds are still without proven cause, and the recent discovery of human metapneumovirus suggests that other viruses could remain undiscovered. Research into the inflammatory mechanisms of the common cold has elucidated the complexity of the virus-host relation. Increasing evidence is also available for the central role of viruses in predisposing to complications. New antivirals for the treatment of colds are being developed, but optimum use of these agents would require rapid detection of the specific virus causing the infection. Although vaccines against many respiratory viruses could also become available, the ultimate prevention of the common cold seems to remain a distant aim.
Geppe NA, Zaplatnikov AL, Kondyurina EG, Chepurnaya MM, Kolosova NG.
The Common Cold and Influenza in Children: To Treat or Not to Treat?
Microorganisms. 2023 Mar 28;11(4). doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11040858. Epub 2023 Mar 28.
Abstract/Text
The common cold, which is mostly caused by respiratory viruses and clinically represented by the symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) with mainly upper respiratory tract involvement, is an important problem in pediatric practice. Due to the high prevalence, socio-economic burden, and lack of effective prevention measures (except for influenza and, partially, RSV infection), ARVI require strong medical attention. The purpose of this descriptive literature review was to analyze the current practical approaches to the treatment of ARVI to facilitate the choice of therapy in routine practice. This descriptive overview includes information on the causative agents of ARVI. Special attention is paid to the role of interferon gamma as a cytokine with antiviral and immunomodulatory effects on the pathogenesis of ARVI. Modern approaches to the treatment of ARVI, including antiviral, pathogenesis-directed and symptomatic therapy are presented. The emphasis is on the use of antibody-based drugs in the immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of ARVI. The data presented in this review allow us to conclude that a modern, balanced and evidence-based approach to the choice of ARVI treatment in children should be used in clinical practice. The published results of clinical trials and systematic reviews with meta-analyses of ARVI in children allow us to conclude that it is possible and expedient to use broad-spectrum antiviral drugs in complex therapy. This approach can provide an adequate response of the child's immune system to the virus without limiting the clinical possibilities of using only symptomatic therapy.
国立感染症研究所：感染症発生動向調査週報, 2023.
国立感染症研究所：感染症発生動向調査週報 第25巻, 第49, 2023.
国立感染症研究所：IASR速報グラフウイルスその他. ヒトメタニューモウイルス, 2023.
児玉 和彦：症状でひらめく こどものコモンディジーズ．メディカ出版, 2018.
厚生労働省医薬・生活衛生局医薬安全対策課長：コデインリン酸塩水和物、ジヒドロコデインリン酸塩又はトラマドール塩酸塩を含む医薬品の「使用上の注意」改訂の周知について（依頼）. 薬 生 安 発 0709 第11号. 令和元年7月9日.
Duijvestijn YC, Mourdi N, Smucny J, Pons G, Chalumeau M.
Acetylcysteine and carbocysteine for acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections in paediatric patients without chronic broncho-pulmonary disease.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD003124. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003124.pub3. Epub 2009 Jan 21.
Abstract/Text
BACKGROUND: Acetylcysteine and carbocysteine are the most commonly prescribed mucolytic drugs in many European countries. To our knowledge, no systematic review has been published on their efficacy and safety for acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in children without chronic broncho-pulmonary disease.
OBJECTIVES: The objective was to assess the efficacy and safety and to establish a benefit-risk ratio of acetylcysteine and carbocysteine as symptomatic treatments for ARTIs in children without chronic broncho-pulmonary disease.
SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2007, issue 4) which contains the Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) Group's Specialized Register, MEDLINE (1966 to 2008), EMBASE (1980 to 2008); Micromedex (2008), Pascal (1987 to 2004), and Science Citation Index (1974 to 2008).
SELECTION CRITERIA: To study efficacy, we used randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the use of acetylcysteine or carbocysteine versus placebo either alone or as an add-on therapy.To study safety, we also used trials comparing the use of acetylcysteine or carbocysteine versus active treatment or no treatment and case reports.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: At least two review authors extracted data and assessed trial quality. We performed a subgroup analysis of children younger than two years of age.
MAIN RESULTS: Six trials involving 497 participants were included to study efficacy. They showed some benefit from mucolytic agents, although differences were of little clinical relevance. No conclusion was drawn about the subgroup of infants younger than two years because the data were unavailable. Thirty-four studies including the previous six trials involving 2064 children were eligible to study safety. Overall safety was good but very few data were available to evaluate safety in infants younger than two years. However, 48 cases of paradoxically increased bronchorrhoea observed in infants were reported to the French pharmacovigilance system.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review have to be interpreted with caution because it was based on a limited number of participants included in studies whose methodological quality is questionable. Acetylcysteine and carbocysteine seem to have a limited efficacy and appear to be safe in children older than two years. These results should take into consideration the fact that acetylcysteine and carbocysteine are prescribed for self-limiting diseases (for example, acute cough, bronchitis). Regarding children younger than two years, given concerns about safety, these drugs should only be used for ARTIs in the context of an RCT.
De Sutter AI, Saraswat A, van Driel ML.
Antihistamines for the common cold.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 29;2015(11):CD009345. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009345.pub2. Epub 2015 Nov 29.
Abstract/Text
BACKGROUND: The common cold is an upper respiratory tract infection, most commonly caused by a rhinovirus. It affects people of all age groups and although in most cases it is self limiting, the common cold still causes significant morbidity. Antihistamines are commonly offered over the counter to relieve symptoms for patients affected by the common cold, however there is not much evidence of their efficacy.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of antihistamines on the common cold.
SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL (2015, Issue 6), MEDLINE (1948 to July week 4, 2015), EMBASE (2010 to August 2015), CINAHL (1981 to August 2015), LILACS (1982 to August 2015) and Biosis Previews (1985 to August 2015).
SELECTION CRITERIA: We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) using antihistamines as monotherapy for the common cold. We excluded any studies with combination therapy or using antihistamines in patients with an allergic component in their illness.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We collected adverse effects information from the included trials.
MAIN RESULTS: We included 18 RCTs, which were reported in 17 publications (one publication reports on two trials) with 4342 participants (of which 212 were children) suffering from the common cold, both naturally occurring and experimentally induced. The interventions consisted of an antihistamine as monotherapy compared with placebo. In adults there was a short-term beneficial effect of antihistamines on severity of overall symptoms: on day one or two of treatment 45% had a beneficial effect with antihistamines versus 38% with placebo (odds ratio (OR) 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60 to 0.92). However, there was no difference between antihistamines and placebo in the mid term (three to four days) to long term (six to 10 days). When evaluating individual symptoms such as nasal congestion, rhinorrhoea and sneezing, there was some beneficial effect of the sedating antihistamines compared to placebo (e.g. rhinorrhoea on day three: mean difference (MD) -0.23, 95% CI -0.39 to -0.06 on a four- or five-point severity scale; sneezing on day three: MD -0.35, 95% CI -0.49 to -0.20 on a four-point severity scale), but this effect is clinically non-significant. Adverse events such as sedation were more commonly reported with sedating antihistamines although the differences were not statistically significant. Only two trials included children and the results were conflicting. The majority of the trials had a low risk of bias although some lacked sufficient trial quality information.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Antihistamines have a limited short-term (days one and two of treatment) beneficial effect on severity of overall symptoms but not in the mid to long term. There is no clinically significant effect on nasal obstruction, rhinorrhoea or sneezing. Although side effects are more common with sedating antihistamines, the difference is not statistically significant. There is no evidence of effectiveness of antihistamines in children.
日本小児神経学会：熱性けいれん（熱性発作）診療ガイドライン2023. 東京. 診断と治療社, 2023.
Paul IM, Beiler JS, King TS, Clapp ER, Vallati J, Berlin CM Jr.
Vapor rub, petrolatum, and no treatment for children with nocturnal cough and cold symptoms.
Pediatrics. 2010 Dec;126(6):1092-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-1601. Epub 2010 Nov 8.
Abstract/Text
OBJECTIVE: To determine if a single application of a vapor rub (VR) or petrolatum is superior to no treatment for nocturnal cough, congestion, and sleep difficulty caused by upper respiratory tract infection.
METHODS: Surveys were administered to parents on 2 consecutive days--on the day of presentation when no medication had been given the previous evening, and the next day when VR ointment, petrolatum ointment, or no treatment had been applied to their child's chest and neck before bedtime according to a partially double-blinded randomization scheme.
RESULTS: There were 138 children aged 2 to 11 years who completed the trial. Within each study group, symptoms were improved on the second night. Between treatment groups, significant differences in improvement were detected for outcomes related to cough, congestion, and sleep difficulty; VR consistently scored the best, and no treatment scored the worst. Pairwise comparisons demonstrated the superiority of VR over no treatment for all outcomes except rhinorrhea and over petrolatum for cough severity, child and parent sleep difficulty, and combined symptom score. Petrolatum was not significantly better than no treatment for any outcome. Irritant adverse effects were more common among VR-treated participants.
CONCLUSIONS: In a comparison of VR, petrolatum, and no treatment, parents rated VR most favorably for symptomatic relief of their child's nocturnal cough, congestion, and sleep difficulty caused by upper respiratory tract infection. Despite mild irritant adverse effects, VR provided symptomatic relief for children and allowed them and their parents to have a more restful night than those in the other study groups.
Schuh S, Coates AL, Sweeney J, Rumantir M, Eltorki M, Alqurashi W, Plint AC, Zemek R, Poonai N, Parkin PC, Soares D, Moineddin R, Finkelstein Y; Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) Network.
Nasal Suctioning Therapy Among Infants With Bronchiolitis Discharged Home From the Emergency Department: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Oct 2;6(10):e2337810. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.37810. Epub 2023 Oct 2.
Abstract/Text
IMPORTANCE: Although nasal suctioning is the most frequently used supportive management for bronchiolitis, its benefit remains unknown.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of enhanced vs minimal nasal suctioning in treating infants with bronchiolitis after discharge from the emergency department (ED).
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This single-blind, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial was conducted from March 6, 2020, to December 15, 2022, at 4 tertiary-care Canadian pediatric EDs. Participants included otherwise healthy infants aged 1 to 11 months with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis who were discharged home from the ED.
INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized to minimal suctioning via bulb or enhanced suctioning via a battery-operated device before feeding for 72 hours.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was additional resource use, a composite of unscheduled revisits for bronchiolitis or use of additional suctioning devices for feeding and/or breathing concerns. Secondary outcomes included health care utilization, feeding and sleeping adequacy, and satisfaction.
RESULTS: Of 884 screened patients, 352 were excluded for criteria, 79 declined participation, 81 were otherwise excluded, 372 were randomized (185 to the minimal suction group and 187 to the enhanced suction group), and 367 (median [IQR] age, 4 [2-6] months; 221 boys [60.2%]) completed the trial (184 in the minimal suction and 183 in the enhanced suction group). Additional resource use occurred for 68 of 184 minimal suction participants (37.0%) vs 48 of 183 enhanced suction participants (26.2%) (absolute risk difference, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.20; P = .03). Unscheduled revisits occurred for 47 of 184 minimal suction participants (25.5%) vs 40 of 183 enhanced suction participants (21.9%) (absolute risk difference, 0.04; 95% CI, -0.05 to 0.12; P = .46). A total of 33 of 184 parents in the minimal suction group (17.9%) used additional suctioning devices vs 11 of 183 parents in the enhanced suction group (6.0%) (absolute risk difference, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.19; P < .001). No significant between-group differences were observed for all bronchiolitis revisits (absolute risk difference, 0.07; 95% CI, -0.02 to 0.16; P = .15), ED revisits (absolute risk difference, 0.04; 95% CI, -0.03 to 0.12; P = .30), parental care satisfaction (absolute risk difference, -0.02; 95% CI, -0.10 to 0.06; P = .70), and changes from baseline to 72 hours in normal feeding (difference in differences, 0.03; 95% CI, -0.10 to 0.17; P = .62), normal sleeping (difference in differences, 0.05; 95% CI, -0.08 to 0.18; P = .47), or normal parental sleeping (difference in differences, 0.10; 95% CI, -0.02 to 0.23; P = .09). Parents in the minimal suction group were less satisfied with the assigned device (62 of 184 [33.7%]) than parents in the enhanced suction group (145 of 183 [79.2%]) (risk difference, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.54; P < .001).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Compared with minimal suctioning, enhanced suctioning after ED discharge with bronchiolitis did not alter the disease course because there were no group differences in revisits or feeding and sleeping adequacy. Minimal suctioning resulted in higher use of nonassigned suctioning devices and lower parental satisfaction with the assigned device.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03361371.
