Cymet TC.
Retrospective analysis of hiccups in patients at a community hospital from 1995-2000.
J Natl Med Assoc. 2002 Jun;94(6):480-3.
Abstract/Text
Hiccups are a physiologic phenomenon noted in animals and humans. There is little understanding of what makes hiccups occur and whether or not they have any productive purpose. A retrospective analysis of all patients seen in a community hospital over a 5 year period was conducted to see who is affected by hiccups, evaluate laboratory findings in people with hiccups, and to see what the currently accepted treatment is for hiccups. The vast majority of patients were male, older than 50 years of age, and with co-morbid conditions. Laboratory values appeared to be of little value in determining whether treatment interventions would be effective. Gastroenterology was the service most consulted and EGD the most common procedural intervention conducted, but with little success. No treatments showed a statistically significant effect.
T. Walsh, Augusto Caraceni, et al.：Palliative Medicine 1st ed., Saunders, Chapter 163, 2008.
Kolodzik PW, Eilers MA.
Hiccups (singultus): review and approach to management.
Ann Emerg Med. 1991 May;20(5):565-73. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(05)81620-8.
Abstract/Text
Hiccups are a common, and fortunately usually transient, benign malady. Occasionally, however, hiccups fail to resolve spontaneously, resulting in patient fatigue and incapacitation and the need for the affected individual to seek medical care for resolution of the problem. The approach to the management of these patients consists of the identification and treatment of serious underlying causes of the episode as well as therapeutic interventions to achieve hiccup resolution.
SAMUELS L.
Hiccup; a ten year review of anatomy, etiology, and treatment.
Can Med Assoc J. 1952 Oct;67(4):315-22.
Abstract/Text
Williamson BW, MacIntyre IM.
Management of intractable hiccup.
Br Med J. 1977 Aug 20;2(6085):501-3. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6085.501.
Abstract/Text
A patient who developed hiccups after laparotomy was treated with numerous drugs with limited success. A left phrenic nerve crush was eventually successful. A review of published work showed that the drugs most likely to succeed were chlorpromazine and metoclopramide, and that phrenic nerve injection and crush should be considered if these failed.
Souadjian JV, Cain JC.
Intractable hiccup. Etiologic factors in 220 cases.
Postgrad Med. 1968 Feb;43(2):72-7. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1968.11693139.
Abstract/Text
Marsot-Dupuch K, Bousson V, Cabane J, Tubiana JM.
Intractable hiccups: the role of cerebral MR in cases without systemic cause.
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995 Nov-Dec;16(10):2093-100.
Abstract/Text
PURPOSE: To look for central nervous system abnormalities as possible causes of intractable hiccups.
METHODS: Of a series of 50 patients with chronic (ie, lasting more than 48 hours) hiccups, a prospective study identified a subgroup of 9 patients with no clinical or gastroesophageal abnormalities (according to endoscopy, pH monitoring and manometry). We performed in all 9 patients brain and upper cervical cord MR examination with precontrast and postcontrast T1- and T2-weighted sequences. A study of the last cranial nerves was done with thin T2-weighted imaging (constructive interference in a steady state sequence). The cervical cord and parapharyngeal space were systematically explored using coronal T2- and sagittal T1-weighted imaging.
RESULTS: Five of these 9 patients had definite MR abnormalities located in the temporal lobe (3 cases), cerebellopontine angle (1 case), or areas of high signal intensity compatible with demyelination (1 case). The relationship between hiccups and infratentorial abnormalities in 2 cases was doubtful (vascular loop and prominent posterior condylar canal). MR findings in 2 cases were considered normal.
CONCLUSIONS: Brain MR is a useful investigation in patients with chronic hiccups when gastroesophageal lesions are either excluded or too mild to account for an intractable hiccup.
Rousseau P.
Hiccups.
South Med J. 1995 Feb;88(2):175-81. doi: 10.1097/00007611-199502000-00002.
Abstract/Text
Hiccups result from a variety of causes and serve no known physiologic function. Although most episodes are time-limited, hiccups may become protracted, with serious consequences. Assessment of hiccups entails a focused history and physical examination coupled with selected laboratory tests. If a correctable malady is discovered, treatment should address the underlying disorder. However, if the cause remains unknown, therapeutic options include nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic measures. Since hiccups are common, this review provides a practical approach to the management of this bothersome symptom.
Rajagopalan V, Sengupta D, Goyal K, et al: Hiccups in neurocritical care. J Neurocrit Care, 2021; 14(1): 18-28. Available from: https://www.e-jnc.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.18700/jnc.200018
Salem MR, Baraka A, Rattenborg CC, Holaday DA.
Treatment of hiccups by pharyngeal stimulation in anesthetized and conscious subjects.
JAMA. 1967 Oct 2;202(1):126-30. doi: 10.1001/jama.202.1.126.
Abstract/Text
Alvarez J, Anderson JM, Snyder PL, Mirahmadizadeh A, Godoy DA, Fox M, Seifi A.
Evaluation of the Forced Inspiratory Suction and Swallow Tool to Stop Hiccups.
JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jun 1;4(6):e2113933. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13933. Epub 2021 Jun 1.
Abstract/Text
This cross-sectional study evaluates the usefulness of the forced inspiratory suction and swallow tool for stopping hiccups in a group of volunteers who completed an online questionnaire..
Madanagopolan N.
Metoclopramide in hiccup.
Curr Med Res Opin. 1975;3(6):371-4. doi: 10.1185/03007997509114789.
Abstract/Text
Metaclopramide has been observed to induce dramatic relief of intractable hiccup in 14 patients with diverse serious illnesses. When given orally or parenterally the effect was observed within 30 minutes, the relief lasting up to 8 hours, indicating a direct relation to the duration of action of the drug. This drug is recommended for symptomatic relief of hiccup associated even with serious organic illnesses, without any fear of undesirable effects.
Wang T, Wang D.
Metoclopramide for patients with intractable hiccups: a multicentre, randomised, controlled pilot study.
Intern Med J. 2014 Dec;44(12a):1205-9. doi: 10.1111/imj.12542.
Abstract/Text
BACKGROUND: Limited data exist regarding the efficacy of metoclopramide in the treatment of intractable hiccups.
AIM: This study aimed to assess the feasibility efficacy of metoclopramide in the treatment of patients with intractable hiccups.
METHODS: A total of 36 patients with intractable hiccups was randomly assigned to arm A (n = 18) or arm B (n = 18) in a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled pilot study. Participants in arm A received 10-mg metoclopramide thrice daily for 15 days, whereas those assigned to arm B received 10-mg placebo thrice daily for 15 days. The primary outcome measure was total efficacy against hiccups (including cessation and improvement of hiccups). Secondary outcome measures included a comparison of overall efficacy and adverse events between the two arms.
RESULTS: Of the 36 patients enrolled, 34 participants completed the study. The total efficacy was higher in arm A than in arm B (relative risk, 2.75; 95% confidence interval: 1.09-6.94, P = 0.03). Furthermore, comparison between the two arms revealed that overall efficacy was higher in arm A than that in arm B (P < 0.05). No serious adverse events related to the treatment were documented in either arm. The most common adverse events occurring in patients in arm A included fatigue, upset mood and dizziness.
CONCLUSION: Metoclopramide appears to be a promising candidate for the treatment of patients with intractable hiccups, with mild adverse events. However, further clinical trials are required to confirm these results.
© 2014 The Authors; Internal Medicine Journal © 2014 Royal Australasian College of Physicians.
FRIEDGOOD CE, RIPSTEIN CB.
Chlorpromazine (thorazine) in the treatment of intractable hiccups.
J Am Med Assoc. 1955 Jan 22;157(4):309-10. doi: 10.1001/jama.1955.02950210005002.
Abstract/Text
Woelk CJ.
Managing hiccups.
Can Fam Physician. 2011 Jun;57(6):672-5, e198-201.
Abstract/Text
Ramírez FC, Graham DY.
Treatment of intractable hiccup with baclofen: results of a double-blind randomized, controlled, cross-over study.
Am J Gastroenterol. 1992 Dec;87(12):1789-91.
Abstract/Text
Four patients with intractable hiccup were treated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo, cross-over study with an analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid, Baclofen. There was a consistent and statistically significant (p = 0.03) improvement in hiccup severity with Baclofen, both subjectively (p = 0.03) and by hiccup-free periods (p = 0.003). The actual frequency of hiccup was not significantly altered by the medication. We propose that the mechanical aspects of hiccup are reduced by Baclofen, leading to a perceptual blockage and a decrease in the reflex severity induced by the gamma-aminobutyric acid analogue. We conclude that this medication may be useful for the treatment of intractable hiccup.
Zhang C, Zhang R, Zhang S, Xu M, Zhang S.
Baclofen for stroke patients with persistent hiccups: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Trials. 2014 Jul 22;15:295. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-295. Epub 2014 Jul 22.
Abstract/Text
BACKGROUND: The results of preclinical studies suggest that baclofen may be useful in the treatment of stroke patients with persistent hiccups. This study was aimed to assess the possible efficacy of baclofen for the treatment of persistent hiccups after stroke.
METHODS: In total, 30 stroke patients with persistent hiccups were randomly assigned to receive baclofen (n = 15) or a placebo (n = 15) in a double-blind, parallel-group trial. Participants in the baclofen group received 10 mg baclofen 3 times daily for 5 days. Participants assigned to the placebo group received 10 mg placebo 3 times daily for 5 days. The primary outcome measure was cessation of hiccups. Secondary outcome measures included efficacy in the two groups and adverse events.
RESULTS: All 30 patients completed the study. The number of patients in whom the hiccups completely stopped was higher in the baclofen group than in the placebo group (relative risk, 7.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.91-25.62; P = 0.003). Furthermore, efficacy was higher in the baclofen group than in the placebo group (P < 0.01). No serious adverse events were documented in either group. One case each of mild transient drowsiness and dizziness was present in the baclofen group.
CONCLUSIONS: Baclofen was more effective than a placebo for the treatment of persistent hiccups in stroke patients.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trials Register: ChiCTR-TRC-13004554.
Porzio G, Aielli F, Verna L, Aloisi P, Galletti B, Ficorella C.
Gabapentin in the treatment of hiccups in patients with advanced cancer: a 5-year experience.
Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010 Jul;33(4):179-80. doi: 10.1097/WNF.0b013e3181de8943.
Abstract/Text
AIM: To evaluate safety and efficacy of gabapentin in the treatment of severe chronic hiccups in patients with advanced cancer.
METHODS: Charts of all patients observed in the palliative care unit of a 4-bed hospital and at home by our Home Care Service were reviewed retrospectively.The presence of hiccups was routinely assessed. Patients with severe chronic hiccups were treated with gabapentin (300 mg t.i.d.). Doses of gabapentin were titrated based on the response to treatment.Gabapentin-related adverse effects were recorded.
RESULTS: Thirty-seven (3.9%) of 944 in-hospital patients and 6 (4.5%) of 134 patients observed at home presented severe chronic hiccups.We registered an improvement of hiccups, defined as complete resolution of hiccups, in 31 (83.8%) of 37 in-hospital patients and 4 (66.7%) of 6 patients observed at home.Four (10.8%) of the 37 in-hospital patients and 2 (33.3%) of the 6 patients observed at home experienced a reduction of hiccups.In 2 patients (5.4%), we registered a worsening of hiccups.Responses were observed in 32 patients (74.4%) with gabapentin at a dosage of 900 mg/d and in 9 patients (20.93%) at 1200 mg/d.In 2 patients (4.65%), grade 2 sleepiness was observed and in 10 patients (23.25%), grade 1 sleepiness was observed based on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.
CONCLUSION: The results of the study allow suggesting gabapentin at least as a promising drug in the treatment of severe chronic hiccups in advanced cancer patients.
Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Ukmar M, Cazzato G, Bava A.
Gabapentin as a drug therapy of intractable hiccup because of vascular lesion: a three-year follow up.
Neurologist. 2004 Mar;10(2):102-6. doi: 10.1097/01.nrl.0000117824.29975.e7.
Abstract/Text
BACKGROUND: Persistent and intractable hiccups indicate multiple neurologic and extraneurologic disorders. Chronic hiccup is not so rare in patients suffering from stroke: its impact on quality of life and on rehabilitation management is substantial, and it may be closely related to aspiration pneumonia, respiratory arrest and nutritional depletion.
REVIEW SUMMARY: Intractable hiccups can be associated with potentially fatal consequences and safe management may require inpatient rehabilitation. It has been suggested that hiccups could be a form of myoclonus, caused by repeated and abnormal activity of the solitary inspiratory nucleus. Because of this cause we decided to treat intractable hiccups in patients with ischemic lesions of the medulla with a short course of gabapentin.
CONCLUSIONS: The results were promising, with the immediate disappearance of the hiccups, and the complete absence of side effects. The 36-months follow up was favorable to all the patients, who, after 6 days of treatment remain asymptomatic.
